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Ground proximity warning system (view source)

Revision as of 22:26, 24 July 2010

18,392 bytes added ,  24 July 2010
Completely revised information. Now documents almost all the details.
(Completely revised information. Now documents almost all the details.)
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'''Ground Proximity Warning System''' ('''GPWS''') is a system designed to alert pilots if their [[aircraft]] is in immediate danger of flying into the ground or an obstacle. Another common name for such a system is '''Ground-Collision Warning System''' ('''GCWS''').
More advanced systems, providing additional protection, are known as '''Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Systems''' ('''EGPWS''').


'''Ground proximity warning system''' ('''GPWS''') is a system designed to alert pilots if their [[aircraft]] is in immediate danger of flying into the ground or an obstacle. Another common name for such a system is '''ground-collision warning system''' ('''GCWS''').
The EGPWS provided by FlightGear emulates the '''MK VIII''' made by Honeywell Inc.
It provides all inputs and outputs of the original hardware.
Also the configuration categories and their encodings are modeled to match the original equipment.


==Add to an aircraft==
= Features =
Add this code to your -set.xml file (above the <tt></sim></tt> tag), to make the GPWS operatable, set <tt>instrumentation/mk-viii/servicable</tt> to true.
== Warnings ==
The module provides warnings for different alerting modes:


* '''Mode 1: Excessive Descent Rate'''
: Provides 'Sink rate!' and 'Pull up!' alerts based on descent rate at low radio altitudes (below 2500').
* '''Mode 2: Excessive Terrain Closure Rate'''
: Provides 'Pull up!' and 'Terrain!' callouts around rising terrain.
* '''Mode 3: Altitude Loss After Takeoff'''
: Provides alerts against altitude loss after takeoff (or a go-around). Losing altitude triggers a 'Don't sink!' alert.
* '''Mode 4: Unsafe Terrain Clearance'''
: Provides alerts against insufficient clearance, based upon the aircraft configuration and flight phase (takeoff, cruise, approach), and independent of terrain closure rate (i.e situations that modes 1 & 2 would not alert). Alerts include 'Too low - terrain!', 'Too low - gear!' and 'Too low - flaps!'. Also protects against a gear-up landing or approach without flaps in the landing configuration.
* '''Mode 5: Excessive Deviation Below Glideslope'''
: Provides 'Glideslope!' alerts when deviating below a glideslope while established on a localizer.
* '''Mode 6: Advisory Callouts'''
: Provides callouts based on the specified decision-height and radio altitude. This includes a 'Minimums' alert based upon the decision-height, and callouts while descending through various radio altitudes (1000', 500', 200', 100', 50', 40', 30', 20' and 10'). Also provides a 'Bank angle' alert based upon excessive aircraft roll.
* '''Mode 7: Windshear Protection'''
: Windshear protection is currently ''not'' implemented.
== Other ==
* '''Self-test'''
: Triggers all warnings enabled for the specific plane one by one.
* '''Status display'''
: Shows module configuration and status.
= Add to an Aircraft =
Add the following XML template to the instrumentation section of the plane's ''plane''-set.xml file (above the <tt></sim></tt> tag). Set the main property <tt>instrumentation/mk-viii/serviceable</tt> to <tt>true</tt> to enable the MK VIII module.
'''Notes''':
* The values in the <tt><configuration-module></tt> section (below) list the module's default. You can omit specific <tt><category-''n''></tt> lines unless you need to change the  default.
* All configuration categories require valid settings. If you do explicitly configure a category to change the default, you must provide a valid value. See sections below for valid options.
=== XML Template ===
  <instrumentation>
  <instrumentation>
   <mk-viii>
   <mk-viii>
   <name>mk-viii</name>
   <number>0</number>
  <serviceable>true</serviceable>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> EGPWS_ENABLE <nowiki>--></nowiki>
  <configuration-module>
    <category-1>  0 </category-1>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Aircraft Mode Select|AIRCRAFT_MODE_TYPE_SELECT]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-3>  2 </category-3>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Position Input Select|POSITION_INPUT_SELECT]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-4>  13 </category-4>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Altitude Callouts|ALTITUDE_CALLOUTS]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-5>  0 </category-5>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Audio Menu Select|AUDIO_MENU_SELECT]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-6>  1 </category-6>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Terrain Collision Warning|TERRAIN_DISPLAY_SELECT]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-7> 124 </category-7>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Options Select|OPTIONS_SELECT_GROUP_1]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-8>  2 </category-8>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Radio Altitude Input Select|RADIO_ALTITUDE_INPUT_SELECT]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-9>  3 </category-9>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Navigation Input Select|NAVIGATION_INPUT_SELECT]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-10>  6 </category-10> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Attitude Input Select|ATTITUDE_INPUT_SELECT]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-13>  7 </category-13> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Input and Output Configuration|INPUT_OUTPUT_DISCRETE_TYPE_SELECT]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <category-14>  0 </category-14> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Audio Output Level|AUDIO_OUTPUT_LEVEL]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
   </configuration-module>
  <inputs>                        <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Module I/O|Module I/O]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <arinc429>
    <decision-height-ncd> false </decision-height-ncd>
    <decision-height> 200 </decision-height>
    </arinc429>
   </inputs>
  <speaker>                        <nowiki><!--</nowiki> [[#Speaker Configuration|Speaker Configuration]] <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <max-dist> 2 </max-dist>        <nowiki><!--</nowiki> Max. distance where speaker is heard <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <reference-dist> 1 </reference-dist> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> Distance to pilot <nowiki>--></nowiki>
    <volume> 0.4 </volume>          <nowiki><!--</nowiki> Volume at reference distance <nowiki>--></nowiki>
  </speaker>
   </mk-viii>
   </mk-viii>
  </instrumentation>
  </instrumentation>


The MkVIII depends on many other systems, which must also be configured correctly, or it will behave unexpectedly.
=== Unimplemented Categories ===
Some configuration categories are currently ''not'' implemented. The following elements are therefore omitted in the XML template:
<category-2>  1 </category-2>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> AIR_DATA_INPUT_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
<category-11>  2 </category-11> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> HEADING_INPUT_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
<category-12>  0 </category-12> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> WINDSHEAR_INPUT_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
<category-15>  0 </category-15> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> UNDEFINED_INPUT_SELECT_1 <nowiki>--></nowiki>
<category-16>  0 </category-16> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> UNDEFINED_INPUT_SELECT_2 <nowiki>--></nowiki>
<category-17>  0 </category-17> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> UNDEFINED_INPUT_SELECT_3 <nowiki>--></nowiki>
 
= Configuration =
== Hints ==
* Trigger the self-test to check if the EGPWS is enabled and to check which callouts are enabled for this airplane. Set the property <tt>/instrumentation/mk-viii/inputs/discretes/self-test</tt> to <tt>true</tt> to trigger the self-test. Enabling this input for 2 seconds triggers short self-test, enabling it for at least 5 seconds triggers a full self-test. The plane must be on ground and stopped, otherwise the self-test is inhibited.
* You can test EGPWS configuration without restarting FlightGear by modifying the configuration values in the Property Browser manually and then forcing the EGPWS to reload the configuration by toggling the plane's electrical power (OFF-ON).
 
== Configuration Categories ==
=== Aircraft Mode Select ===
<category-1>  0 </category-1>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> AIRCRAFT_MODE_TYPE_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
This is the device's main configuration setting. It selects the envelops for allowed speeds and minimum heights for all EGPWS modes. The envelops are configured by selecting an entire set of configuration values. This simplifies the configuration, however, new airplane types may require to modify the mk-viii sources in order to support an appropriate configuration set.
 
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" align="center"
!category-1
!Aircraft Type Description
!Type
!Gear down at 500ft
when slower than
!Flaps down at
!Max airspeed
flaps/gear down<sup>*</sup>
!Min Runway Length
|-
|align="right"|'''(default) 0'''
|Fast turboprop, normal flap deployment
|align="center"|T6
|align="center"|178 knots
|align="center"|170 ft / 150 knots
|align="center"|250 / 290 knots
|align="center"|2000 ft
|-
|align="right"|1
|Fast turboprop, delayed flap deployment
|align="center"|T8
|align="center"|178 knots
|align="center"|150 ft / 148 knots
|align="center"|250 / 290 knots
|align="center"|2000 ft
|-
|align="right"|2
|Fast turboprop (old GPWS emulation)
|align="center"|T5
|align="center"|178 knots
|align="center"|200 ft / 148 knots
|align="center"|250 / 290 knots
|align="center"|2000 ft
|-
|align="right"|3
|Slow turboprop, normal flap deployment
|align="center"|T7
|align="center"|148 knots
|align="center"|170 ft / 120 knots
|align="center"|180 / 200 knots
|align="center"|2000 ft
|-
|align="right"|4
|Slow turboprop, delayed flap deployment
|align="center"|T9
|align="center"|148 knots
|align="center"|150 ft / 118 knots
|align="center"|180 / 200 knots
|align="center"|2000 ft
|-
|align="right"|254
|Fast, heavy turbofans (jets), requiring 3500ft runways
|align="center"|T1
|align="center"|190 knots
|align="center"|245 ft / 159 knots
|align="center"|250 / 290 knots
|align="center"|3500 ft
|-
|align="right"|255
|Fast turbofans (jets), requiring 2000ft runways
|align="center"|T1
|align="center"|190 knots
|align="center"|200 ft / 159 knots
|align="center"|250 / 290 knots
|align="center"|2000 ft
|}
<sup>*</sup> When maximum gear down/flaps down airspeeds are exceeded for at least 60 seconds the EGPWS triggers a fault and assumes the gear down / flaps down inputs to be invalid.
 
=== Position Input Select ===
<category-3>  2 </category-3>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> POSITION_INPUT_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Some warning modes require the plane's GPS position, e.g. in order to find the nearest runway in its internal database to provide correct height callouts.
* 1: GPS data is supplied to the inputs externally (e.g. NASAL script). You need to provide input to
:<tt>/instrumentation/mk-viii/inputs/arinc429/gps-altitude</tt>
:<tt>/instrumentation/mk-viii/inputs/arinc429/gps-latitude</tt>
:<tt>/instrumentation/mk-viii/inputs/arinc429/gps-longitude</tt>
:<tt>/instrumentation/mk-viii/inputs/arinc429/gps-vertical-figure-of-merit</tt>
* '''2 (default)''': GPS data uses internal source (enables a hard-wired connection within the simulator)
 
=== Altitude Callouts ===
<category-4>  13 </category-4>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> ALTITUDE_CALLOUTS <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Select a set of callouts for the approach phase.
 
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" align="center"
!category-4
!Callouts
|-
|align="right"|0
|Minimums, SMART_500, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10
|-
|align="right"|1
|Minimums, SMART_500, 200
|-
|align="right"|2
|Minimums, SMART_500, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10
|-
|align="right"|3
|Minimums, SMART_500
|-
|align="right"|4
|Minimums, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10
|-
|align="right"|5
|Minimums, 200
|-
|align="right"|6
|Minimums, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10
|-
|align="right"|7
|''All call-outs disabled.''
|-
|align="right"|8
|Minimums. ''All altitude callouts disabled.''
|-
|align="right"|9
|Minimums, 500, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10
|-
|align="right"|10
|Minimums, 500, 200
|-
|align="right"|11
|Minimums, 500, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10
|-
|align="right"|12
|Minimums, 500
|-
|align="right"|'''(default) 13'''
|Minimums, 1000, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10
|-
|align="right"|14
|Minimums, 100
|-
|align="right"|15
|Minimums, 200, 100
|-
|align="right"|100
|FIELD_500. ''Provides “500” callout at an altitude 500ft above the actual runway altitude.''
|-
|align="right"|101
|FIELD_500_ABOVE. ''Provides “500 above” callout at an altitude 500ft above the actual runway altitude.''
|}
 
=== Audio Menu Select ===
<category-5>  0 </category-5>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> AUDIO_MENU_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Configure retractable or fixed gear aircraft.
* '''0 (default)''': Configured for retractable gear aircraft. „Too low - gear!“ and „Too low - flaps!“ callouts enabled.
* 2: Configured for fixed gear aircraft. „Too low, flaps!“ callout enabled.
 
=== Terrain Collision Warning ===
<category-6>  1 </category-6>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> TERRAIN_DISPLAY_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Enable/disable terrain collision warnings.
* '''1 (default)''': Terrain collision warnings enabled.
* 2: Terrain collision warnings disabled.
 
=== Options Select ===
<category-7> 124 </category-7>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> OPTIONS_SELECT_GROUP_1 <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Enable/disable bank angle and steep approach warnings and select flap type.
* bit 0: ''not implemented''
* bit 1: flap reversal.
: '''0 = normal logic (default)'''
: 2 = invert logic when detecting extended/retracted flaps
* bit 2: bank angle alert
: 0 = bank angle alert disabled
: '''4 = enabled (default)'''
* bit 3-5: ''not implemented but enabled by default''
* bit 6: steep approach
: 0 = steep approach warning disabled
: '''64 = steep approach warning enabled (default)'''
* bit 7: ''not implemented''
 
'''Example''': Value 68 (= 64+ 4) enables bank angle, steep approach alert and normal flap logic.
 
'''Note''': Default is 124. This also enables additional feature bits (which are currently unsupported).
 
=== Radio Altitude Input Select ===
<category-8>  2 </category-8>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> RADIO_ALTITUDE_INPUT_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Select radio altimeter input source.
 
'''Note''': This configuration category is implemented for the latest FlightGear version only (current GIT sources, as of ''''2010-07-...'''').
* '''2 (default)''': Use simulator source for altitude at gear-level (most precise).
* 3: Use simulator source for the plane's altitude (may not be precise enough for planes with larger gear).
 
=== Navigation Input Select ===
<category-9>  3 </category-9>  <nowiki><!--</nowiki> NAVIGATION_INPUT_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Enable/disable glideslope warnings.
* 0: localizer input disabled (disables glideslope warnings)
* '''3 (default)''': localizer input enabled (enables glideslope warning)
: '''Note''': By default, the module is hard-wired to the NAV0 receiver for glideslope warnings, i.e. in order to use the NAV1 receiver you need to update the inputs externally through nasal, etc (see [[#Module I/O|Module I/O]]).
 
=== Attitude Input Select ===
<category-10>  6 </category-10> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> ATTITUDE_INPUT_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Select attitude input source.
 
'''Note''': This configuration category is implemented for the latest FlightGear version only (current GIT sources, as of ''''2010-07-...'''').
* 2: Read data from attitude instrument (requires vacuum system to work).
* '''6 (default)''': Read data from hard-wired connection within simulator.
 
=== Input and Output Configuration ===
<category-13>  7 </category-13> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> INPUT_OUTPUT_DISCRETE_TYPE_SELECT <nowiki>--></nowiki>
This configuration value configures the behavior of the module's outputs, usually connected to warning lamps in the cockpit, and enables inputs, which should be connected to cockpit switches.
 
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" align="center"
!
|colspan="2"|'''Output Lamp Configuration'''
|colspan="3"|'''Input Switch Configuration'''
When enabled, appropriate inputs are supplied to the module
(e.g. inputs should be connected to cockpit switches).
|-
!category-13
!Output
Format <sup>*</sup>
!Lamp
Flashing <sup>**</sup>
!GPWS Inhibit
Switch Enabled
!Momentary Flap
Override Switch Enabled
!Alternate Steep
Approach Switch Enabled
|-
|align="right"|0
|align="center"|warning
|align="center"|steady
|
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|-
|align="right"|1
|align="center"|alert
|align="center"|steady
|
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|-
|align="right"|2
|align="center"|warning
|align="center"|steady
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|-
|align="right"|3
|align="center"|alert
|align="center"|steady
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|-
|align="right"|4
|align="center"|warning
|align="center"|flashing
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|-
|align="right"|5
|align="center"|alert
|align="center"|flashing
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|-
|align="right"|6
|align="center"|warning
|align="center"|steady
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|
|-
|align="right"|'''(default) 7'''
|align="center"|alert
|align="center"|steady
|align="center"|x
|align="center"|x
|
|-
|align="right"|254
|align="center"|warning
|align="center"|steady
|align="center"|x
|
|align="center"|x
|-
|align="right"|255
|align="center"|warning
|align="center"|steady
|align="center"|x
|
|align="center"|x
|}
 
<sup>*</sup> '''Output Format''': 'alert': caution conditions trigger the alert output lamp, otherwise caution conditions triggers warning output.
 
<sup>**</sup> '''Lamp Flashing''': Selects whether output lamps should flash or be lit steadily when warning/alert/caution is triggered.


Mode 6 (bank angle and altitude above field callouts) depends on a serviceable attitude reference, and ideally a valid decision height. <tt>/instrumentation/attitude-indicator/indicated-roll-deg</tt> is the key attitude property, which comes from either the attitude indicator (which is vacuum powered) or the master reference gyro (which is electrically powered).  
=== Audio Output Level ===
<category-14> 0 </category-14> <nowiki><!--</nowiki> AUDIO_OUTPUT_LEVEL <nowiki>--></nowiki>
Basic audio configuration.


==Modes==
{|border="1" cellspacing="0"
!category-14
!Audio Relative
Volume
|-
|align="right"|'''(default) 0'''
|align="right"|0 dB
|-
|align="right"|1
|align="right"| -6 dB
|-
|align="right"|2
|align="right"| -12 dB
|-
|align="right"|3
|align="right"| -18 dB
|-
|align="right"|4
|align="right"| -24 dB
|}


;Mode 1
== Speaker Configuration ==
: Provides 'sink rate' and 'pull up' alerts based on descent rate at low radio altitudes (below 2500')
The audio speaker can be configured by modifying the properties beneath <tt>/instrumentation/mk-viii/speaker</tt>.
These properties match the xmlsound properties.


;Mode 2
For additional information, check out <tt>$FG_ROOT/Docs/README.xmlsound</tt>.
: Provides 'pull up' and 'terrain' callouts around rising terrain


;Mode 3
= Module I/O =
: Provides alerts against altitude loss after takeoff (or a go-around). Losing altitude triggers a 'don't sink' alert.
* The inputs and outputs match those of the real device and are made available through the FlightGear property tree.
* Input monitoring is implemented. The loss of inputs required for a particular function is annunciated through the GPWS INOP and/or TERR FAIL lamps.
* The "Present Status" function, which enumerates current faults and lists other device details, is implemented.
* Connect outputs to cockpit instruments, e.g. the EGPWS alert and glideslope outputs to the appropriate warning lamps.
* Connect the <tt>/instrumentation/mk-viii/inputs/discretes/self-test</tt> property to the GPWS self-test button in your cockpit. Testing GPWS operation may be part of the preflight check-list.
* To assist the aircraft designer with the installation of the EGPWS, most inputs are connected to standard FlightGear properties by default. When an input feeder (<tt>...-ncd</tt> property) is set to true, the input it is associated with is automatically updated, using a standard FlightGear property. When the <tt>...-ncd</tt> property it is set to false, its associated input must be manually updated every frame, using a Nasal script or some other mechanism.
* The aircraft's decision height needs to be configured when the 'Minimums' warning is enabled. You can provide the decision height as fixed input value to <tt>/instruments/mk-viii/inputs/arinc429/decision-height</tt>:
<arinc429>
  <decision-height-ncd> false </decision-height-ncd>
  <decision-height> 200 </decision-height>
</arinc429>


;Mode 4
== Module Status ==
: Provides alerts against insufficient clearance, based upon the aircraft configuration and flight phase (takeoff, cruise, approach), and independent of terrain closure rate (i.e situations that modes 1 & 2 would not alert). Alerts include 'too low terrain', 'too low gear' and 'too low flaps'. Also protects against a gear-up landing or approach without flaps in the landing configuration.
The original MK VIII supports an RS232 interface to read the module status. Since FlightGear does not support RS232 interfaces, all data is printed to the standard output. Trigger <tt>/instrumentation/mk-viii/inputs/discretes/rs-232/present-status</tt> to print the current module configuration and status:


;Mode 5
EGPWC CONFIGURATION
: Provides 'glideslope' alerts when deviating below a glideslope while established on a localizer.
        PART NUMBER:                     965-1220-000
        MOD STATUS:                      N/A
        SERIAL NUMBER:                  N/A
        APPLICATION S/W VERSION:        2.0.0
        TERRAIN DATABASE VERSION:        2.0.0
        ENVELOPE MOD DATABASE VERSION:  N/A
        BOOT CODE VERSION:              2.0.0
CURRENT FAULTS
        NO FAULTS
CONFIGURATION:
        AIRCRAFT TYPE                    = 0
        AIR DATA TYPE                    = 1
        POSITION INPUT TYPE              = 2
        CALLOUTS OPTION TYPE            = 13
        AUDIO MENU TYPE                  = 0
        TERRAIN DISPLAY TYPE            = 1
        OPTIONS 1 TYPE                  = 124
        RADIO ALTITUDE TYPE              = 2
        NAVIGATION INPUT TYPE            = 3
        ATTITUDE TYPE                    = 6
        MAGNETIC HEADING TYPE            = 2
        WINDSHEAR INPUT TYPE            = 0
        IO DISCRETE TYPE                = 7
        VOLUME SELECT                    = 0


;Mode 6
= External Links =
: Provides callouts based on the specified decision-height and radio altitude. This includes a 'minimums' alert based upon the decision-height, and callouts while descending through various radio altitudes (1000', 500', 200', 100', 50', 40', 30', 20' and 10'). Also provides a 'bank angle' alert based upon excessive aircraft roll.
* Documentation by the original module developer [http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg01902.html 1]  [http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg01902/mk-viii-manual.tgz 2]
* Original manufacturer documentation
** [http://www.egpws.com/engineering_support/documents/install/060-4314-150.pdf Honeywell Inc., "MK VI, MK VIII, Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (Class A TAWS), Installation Design Guide", July 2003]
** [http://www51.honeywell.com/sites/aero/common/documents/Mk_VI_VIII_EGPWS.pdf Honeywell Inc., "MK VI and MK VIII Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System Pilot's Guide", February 2002]


==External links==
* Docs by original developer [http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg01902.html 1] [http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg01902/mk-viii-manual.tgz 2]


[[Category:Aircraft enhancement]]
[[Category:Aircraft enhancement]]
ThorstenB
159

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