Transponder: Difference between revisions

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introduced the notions of situation code vs aircraft code, discrete non discrete and new reference with source documentation / explained the method of code attribution
m (updated volts property)
(introduced the notions of situation code vs aircraft code, discrete non discrete and new reference with source documentation / explained the method of code attribution)
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'''Transponders''' are radio beacons which make [[aircraft]] more identifiable on [[ATC]] displays and systems. Modern transponders support transmitting additional data such as an identification ('squawk') code and aircraft altitude. See more at {{wikipedia|Transponder (aeronautics)}}.
'''Transponders''' are radio beacons which make [[aircraft]] more identifiable on [[ATC]] displays and systems and by other aircrafts. Modern transponders support transmitting additional data such as an identification ('squawk') code and aircraft altitude. See more at {{wikipedia|Transponder (aeronautics)}}.


== Id Codes ==
== Id Codes ==
Id or 'squawk' codes aid ATC in identify aircraft positively. 1200 is the standard code for VFR flight (in the US; Europe uses 7000), IFR aircraft will typically be advised a code on delivery clearance or startup.
e.g.  


Normal code digits are 0..7; 0000 is reserved for military use, and there are other standard codes, such as 7600 for radio comms failure. See the Wikipedia page for many more examples.
* 'squawk code' 7000 is set and used VFR flight in Europe, and while in the US 1200 in used fir the same VFR.
* IFR aircraft's will have an 'attributed code' by the ATC services at Delivery Clearance time, typically at startup time. The code is ATC selected in a range of "yet not used code", range attributed regionally.
 
* NATO and other Military aircraft's 'sharing' the civil airspace use several code from a conventional table, like ''0300, or 0400 - NATO - CAOC 9 Exercises (activated by NOTAM)'' and ''3500 - NATO - Aircraft receiving a service from AEW aircraft''
* An aircraft becoming unable to use the voice Radio, will select the special code 7600.
* An aircraft experiencing an emergency (technical, medical) will select the special code 7700.
 
 
While some code are use the same worldwide, like the emergency code, some other codes have a different regional meaning, like the special code '0000'
 
* in UK, by convention, the code '0000' will be autoselected by some transponder to auto report a transponder malfunction; it is not allowed the pilots to select it by themselves.
* n Europe, in is not used any more and the use have become forbidden. It was used at the start age of transponding (in mode A) to say 'no ORCAM code inserted yet'). The use is today severely forbidden.
* In US, it is a bit more confusing:
* - it is used for some Military interception;
* - it is used by the "En route Control ARTCC" for aircraft's in cruise in their controlled airspace when ... their are no more non attributed / in current use ORCAM codes.
* - The Dep. of Transportation and the FAA have started to advocate, from 1918, the abandon of it's use going toward to prohibition of its use.
 
 
See the Wikipedia page for many more examples.
 
ref. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transponder_codes
 
 
Codes are composes by a sequence of 4 digits of 8 possible values [ 0 ][ 0 ][ 0 ][ 0 ] to [ 7 ][ 7 ][ 7 ][ 7 ]
 
 
Codes defines  7 specifically or :
 
* 1 aircraft and 1 aircraft only ;
* 1 situation.
 
== Conspicuous and Not-Conspicuous codes - also called discrete and non-discrete ==
Codes ending by ..00 defines "situations".
 
e.g.
 
* 7600 - unable to use the Radio Voice Comms - "Communications failure"
* 7700 - Emergency (technical / Medical)
* 7500 - Hi-Jack - Unlawful interference in the control of the aircraft
 
Theses codes do not define 1 aircraft only.
 
 
Codes ending by numbers (0 to 7) identifies 1 and only 1 aircraft.
 
* they are attributed by the ATC, usually via radio at the clearance departure
* they can be changed along the flight to accommodate management needs.
 
 
The codes identifying 1 and only 1 aircraft are called discrete or conspicuous.
 
The codes defining situations are called non-discrete or not-conspicuous.
 
This also why Transponder Codes are called Conspicuity Codes.
 
ref https://skybrary.aero/articles/discrete-and-non-discrete-ssr-codes
 
== ORCAM method (for attribution of squawk codes) ==
Their are way more aircraft's to manage than available squawk codes.
 
To solve the problem the ORCAM method is used.
 
 
ORCAM stands for Originating Regional Code Attribution Method.
 
 
Every region, airspace, airport, service like Militaries, etc. will see attributed a range of codes.
 
When the aircraft leave the controlled zone and enter the next one, if, emphasising "if", the used code collide with another currently in use in the vicinity, the ATC will ask to recycle the code to a new (not used) one.
 
 
ORCAM is a method and not a "table",
 
although the method keep out of its management a subset of fix codes which one are ... a table.
 
 
e.g.
 
Note that the following table is valid for UK only and US or Europe will present some variations
 
https://www.flightradars.eu/squawkcodes.html#top


== Modes ==
== Modes ==
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</syntaxhighlight>Please note that ''<bus-volts>'' is now '''deprecated'''. Use ''<minimum-supply-volts>'' instead.
</syntaxhighlight>Please note that ''<bus-volts>'' is now '''deprecated'''. Use ''<minimum-supply-volts>'' instead.
  The following is a copy of a comment in instrument source, explaining the use of Mode-S related properties
  The following is a copy of a comment in instrument source, explaining the use of Mode-S related properties
  <code>
  <
  // Mode-S transponders (configured with mode = 2) can transmit a ground bit to
  // Mode-S transponders (configured with mode = 2) can transmit a ground bit to
  // indicate ground operation. If auto-ground is not defined, the ground bit is
  // indicate ground operation. If auto-ground is not defined, the ground bit is
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