FlightGear wiki - User contributions [en]

Howto:Create new landmark models

2026-08-03T20:15:52Z

Sierra: /* Troubleshooting / Common Issues */

{{stub}}

1. Find images of the building on Wikimedia or Google Images, upload them to a 3D model generation tool like [https://meshy.ai/ Meshy.ai], and download the generated model once finished.

2. Import the model into Blender and edit it as needed, scaling its dimensions to match the real-world building.

3. Once finished editing in Blender, reduce the size of the model to comply with the maximum upload file size limit of 2,000,000 bytes (approximately 1.9 MiB). This is done by using '''Limited Dissolve''', '''Merge by Distance''', and the '''Decimate''' modifier.

4. Export the model in .ac format using Blender's AC3D export plugin. Note that the exported texture filename defaults to .png (without a name prefix). Rename your texture file, then open the .ac file in a text editor and update the line <code>texture ".png"</code> to texture <code>your_name.png"</code>.

5. In the game, place the object using the UFO aircraft so that its location and heading match reality, then press the '''E''' or '''D''' key to export.

=== Troubleshooting / Common Issues ===

'''The model's texture displays correctly in Blender's "Shading" tab, but appears mottled/glitched in-game:'''

* '''Cause:''' The shader nodes may have applied extra processing to the UV mapping (such as scaling or offsets).
* '''Solution:''' Go to the UV Editing tab, select all vertices of the UV layout, and scale/translate them so they align properly with the texture image.

Howto:Create new landmark models

2026-08-03T20:06:21Z

Sierra:

{{stub}}

1. Find images of the building on Wikimedia or Google Images, upload them to a 3D model generation tool like [https://meshy.ai/ Meshy.ai], and download the generated model once finished.

2. Import the model into Blender and edit it as needed, scaling its dimensions to match the real-world building.

3. Once finished editing in Blender, reduce the size of the model to comply with the maximum upload file size limit of 2,000,000 bytes (approximately 1.9 MiB). This is done by using '''Limited Dissolve''', '''Merge by Distance''', and the '''Decimate''' modifier.

4. Export the model in .ac format using Blender's AC3D export plugin. Note that the exported texture filename defaults to .png (without a name prefix). Rename your texture file, then open the .ac file in a text editor and update the line <code>texture ".png"</code> to texture <code>your_name.png"</code>.

5. In the game, place the object using the UFO aircraft so that its location and heading match reality, then press the '''E''' or '''D''' key to export.

=== Troubleshooting / Common Issues ===

'''The model's texture displays correctly in Blender's "Shading" tab, but appears mottled/glitched in-game:'''

* '''Cause:''' The shader nodes may have applied extra processing to the UV mapping (such as scaling or offsets).
* '''Solution:''' Go to the **UV Editing** tab, select all vertices of the UV layout, and scale/translate them so they align properly with the texture image.

Howto:Create new landmark models

2026-08-03T20:05:40Z

Sierra:

{{stub}}

1. Find images of the building on Wikimedia or Google Images, upload them to a 3D model generation tool like [https://meshy.ai/ Meshy.ai], and download the generated model once finished.

2. Import the model into Blender and edit it as needed, scaling its dimensions to match the real-world building.

3. Once finished editing in Blender, reduce the size of the model to comply with the maximum upload file size limit of 2,000,000 bytes (approximately 1.9 MiB). This is done by using '''Limited Dissolve''', '''Merge by Distance''', and the '''Decimate''' modifier.

4. Export the model in .ac format using Blender's AC3D export plugin. Note that the exported texture filename defaults to .png (without a name prefix). Rename your texture file, then open the .ac file in a text editor and update the line <code>texture ".png"</code> to texture <code>your_name.png"</code>.

5. In-game, place the object using the UFO craft so that its location and heading match reality, then press the '''E''' or '''D''' key to export.

=== Troubleshooting / Common Issues ===

'''The model's texture displays correctly in Blender's "Shading" tab, but appears mottled/glitched in-game:'''

* '''Cause:''' The shader nodes may have applied extra processing to the UV mapping (such as scaling or offsets).
* '''Solution:''' Go to the **UV Editing** tab, select all vertices of the UV layout, and scale/translate them so they align properly with the texture image.

Suggested Flights

2026-08-03T20:02:35Z

Sierra:

[[FlightGear]] has accurate and realistic terrain. Here are some interesting places where you can do virtual sight seeing.

If you are starting with [[FlightGear Qt launcher|launcher]], you can enter the [[airport]] id and select the runway on the appropriate screen in the Location panel.
If you are starting from the command line you can use the options: <tt>--airport=ABCD</tt> and <tt>--runway=12L</tt>.

*Remember to give a look at the [[Suggested Airports]] page, where you can find a comprehensive list of high quality airports in FlightGear.
*If you enjoy these flights, please consider recording a flight and posting a link to it at the [[Suggested Prerecorded Flights]] page.

p.s. charts are generated using FlightGear data only.

This page includes the flights described on the [https://www.flightgear.org/ main website] and the suggested flights from the newsletters.

{{TOC limit|3}}

=Cross Continentals or World Tour=

* [[Breitling DC-3 World Tour]][[File:Rect17.png|thumbnail]]
* [[Flying the Hump]]

=North America=
==Round Valley Airport==
[[Image:O09-002.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:O09-003.png|thumb|right|Valley]]
Covalis, CA. The airport is at the West edge of a 7 mile across valley.<BR/>
The predominant wind is a cross wind. Take-offs to the west (if they use the full runway length) often have to fly between 2 small hills and over another valley while gaining altitude. Most pilots take off to the west.<BR/>
It is a paved runway and quite long. It was designated as an emergency recovery field during the Cold War and was used twice that I know of by military aircraft that could not take off again from the field.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
{{Location map | USA
| caption = Latitude: 39.790156 Longitude: -123.266403
| lat_deg = 39.790156
| lon_deg = -123.266403
}}

* O09 - Round valley - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/O09.pdf chart]

===Suggested aircraft===
I have tried this trip using a p38, quite powerful airplane
* [[Lockheed-P38|P38]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=O09 --runway=28 --aircraft=p38
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Half Moon Bay==
[[Image:KHAF-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:KHAF-002.png|thumb|right|Bridge]]
Start at Half Moon Bay, Runway 30, with 32km visibility; Takeoff in the C172 and climb to 1000 feet, then continue north over the water, near the shoreline. Look out the right window frequently. Fly up the coast, overfly the Golden Gate Bridge, continue around the top of the peninsula past downtown SF, then fly on to [[KSFO]] for a landing. We now have lots to see.

If you cannot see the runway in the default 172, you must be flying too high or too slowly. You can start by practicing a bit with a good setup:

'''fgfs --offset-distance=1.5 --altitude=500 --vc=70'''

As soon as FlightGear starts, cut the power to 1500 rpm and drop two notches of flap. Maintain 70 kt. Now, pick your landing spot (a bit down the runway) and try to hold it in the same spot on your windshield. If your landing spot starts moving down, you are too high, and should cut another 100 rpm; if it starts moving up, you are too low, and should add another 100 rpm. Adjust the nose to keep your speed at 70 kt all the way down until you're right above the numbers, then cut power to idle, drop the last notch of flaps, flare, and land.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:KHAF-003.png|thumb|left|surroundings]]
[[Image:World-KHAF.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.513333 Longitude: -122.501111]]
* KHAF - Half Moon Bay - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KHAF.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KSFO-001.png|thumb|left|Before landing]]
Use the default c172 airplane
* [[Cessna C172P]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KHAF --runway=30 --visibility=32000 --aircraft=c172
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Author===
[[User:Hellosimon|Hellosimon]], format and extended by [[User:Francescobrisa|Francescobrisa]].

==Hell's Canyon==
[[Image:25U-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:25U-004.png|thumb|right|Valley]]
Hell's Canyon, Imnaha, OR. This airport is located just west of "Hell's Canyon National Park" which has the Snake River running through it.<br/>
Supposedly it's a 5500 foot drop from the top of the canyon to the river.<BR/>
The airport is located on the brink of this canyon.

See the remarks on the airport page (click on the airport id) ... DOWNDRAFTS, SHEER DROP IN TERRAIN, LIVESTOCK, etc. Don't go here on your first solo x-country. :-)
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:25U-005.png|thumb|left|Landing]]
[[Image:World-25U.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 45.427861 Longitude: -116.693889]]
* 25U - Round valley - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/25U.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:25U-006.png|thumb|left|Landing 2]]
I have tried this trip using a pilatus PC-9M, powerful airplane
* [[PC-9M|PC-9M]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=25U --aircraft=PC-9M
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Crater Lake National Park Tour==
[[Image:64s-003.png|thumb|left|Approaching the lake]]
[[Image:64s-002.png|thumb|right|Direction 40 degrees]]
Prospect, OR.<br/>

Take off and fly at a heading of about 40 degrees until you cross the first distinct ridge in front of you. (several minutes of flight in the navion ... just climb as fast as you can, it will be a close squeek to get over :-)<br/>

Once you clear the ridge and can see beyond it, turn right and fly a heading of about 70 degrees. You should see two shallow peaks off in the distance. Head right between these -- they are the two sides of the crater. As you get closer the shape of the crater will come into view. There's a lake there in real life, hopefully it will be there in flight gear too before long.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:64s-001.png|thumb|left|Leaving the 64S airfield]]
[[Image:World-64S.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 42.743183 Longitude: -122.488092]]
* 64S - Prospect State - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/64S.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:64s-004.png|thumb|left|Lake view 1]]
[[Image:64s-005.png|thumb|right|Lake view 2]]

* [[Ryan_Navion|Navion]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=64S --runway=02 --aircraft=navion
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Grand Canyon Tour==
[[Image:Grand_Canyon_Tour_4.jpg|700px|frameless|center]]
Being a special place, there are also special flight rules for VFR traffic around the Grand Canyon. There are multiple no-fly-zones set up and VFR traffic is only allowed to fly via the designated corridors. If you want to fly realistically, avoid these zones in FlightGear as well, following for example the [https://skyvector.com/?ll=36.18649251415492,-112.52223157994264&chart=230&zoom=5&fpl=%20KGCN%20VPGCF%20VPGCG%20VPGCD%20VPGCC%20VPGCA%203608N11252W%203609N11309W%201Z1%201G4%203AZ5 route shown here. (skyvector link)]

This flight takes you from KGCN, the Grand Canyon National Park airport, to 3AZ5, a small airfield called Hualapai located south of the Grand Canyon. Departing from KGCN, fly north-west bound to reach the canyon. From there, either follow the route shown on skyvector above, or fly visually through the canyon westbound towards 1Z1, Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip. From there on, continue flying westward to 1G4. Called Grand Canyon West, 1G4 also marks about the western end of the canyon. To get to your destination 3AZ5, continue along the southern rim, flying eastward now. Shortly after leaving the breathtaking valley behind you, you will already reach your destination. Land and let your engine and your mind cool down from the special views :)

===Gallery===
<gallery>
Grand_Canyon_Tour_2.jpg
Grand_Canyon_Tour_3.jpg
Grand_Canyon_Tour_1.jpg
</gallery>

===Airports===
* KGCN - Grand Canyon National Park Airport - [https://www.aopa.org/destinations/airports/KGCN/details aopa.org]
* 1Z1 - Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/1Z1 airnav.com]
* 1G4 - Grand Canyon West - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/1G4 airnav.com]
* 3AZ5 - Hualapai - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/3AZ5 airnav.com]

===Suggested aircraft===
Most VFR aircraft with sufficiently big windows will serve the purpose, for example:
*[[Cessna C172P]]
*Optica
*[[Ryan_Navion]]
If you are more interested in flying helicopters, the [[Eurocopter EC130 B4]] with the Grand Canyon Helicopters livery might be for you.

===Links===
*[https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/upload/sfra.pdf Chart of the Grand Canyon special airspace, published by the National Park Service]
*[http://www.swaviator.com/html/issueJJ99/canyon.html An article about flying close to the Grand Canyon]
*[https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/april/flight-training-magazine/road-trip-grand-canyon AOPA Flight suggestion]

==Ranger Creek Airport==
[[File:21w-1.jpg|500px|center|Waiting for departure at Ranger Creek]]
Ranger Creek Airport is located in Greenwater, Washington, USA. Being wedged into the bottom of a steep canyon, you'll definitely need to be on your toes to get in and out of there. Switch on Advanced Weather and Live Data to experience what the winds can do to you in real life!
===Airports and coordinates===
* 21W - Ranger Creek - [http://www.airnav.com/airport/21W airnav.com]
===Gallery===
<gallery>
Ranger_Creek1.jpg|Departing between the mountains
Ranger_Creek_2.jpg|Looking back towards the airfield
Ranger_Creek_3.jpg|Downwind for approach back to Ranger Creek
</gallery>
===Suggested aircraft===
For this flight, the Piper PA-18 SuperCub is suggested, this is included in the [[Piper J3 Cub]] package

==Mount Rainier Tour==
[[Image:WA20-002.png|thumb|left|The mountain from far away]]
[[Image:WA20-006.png|thumb|right|external view]]
Eatonville, WA. Start out at Swanson Airport in Eatonville, WA. Take off and fly a heading of about 90 degrees. You will need to fly for 5-10 minutes before the mountain comes into view. Be patient if you don't see it right away, it will dwarf everything in it's vicinity.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-WA20.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 46.87588502 Longitude: -122.25733500]]

* WA20 - Swanson - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/WA20.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:WA20-007.png|thumb|left|external near view]]
[[Image:WA20-009.png|thumb|right|external near view]]
* [[mosquito]]

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=WA20 --aircraft=mosquito
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Death Valley Tour==
[[Image:L06-001.png|thumb|left|in the air]]
[[Image:Furnace-creek.jpg|thumb|left|real life view of Furnace Creek Airfield]]
[[Image:L06-002.png|thumb|right|in the air]]
Furnace Creek, CA. This starts you right in the middle of Death Valley which runs north & south. If you head south about 15 miles you'll hit the lowest point in the USA, 282 feet (86 meters) below sea level.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-L06.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 36.46451100 Longitude: -116.88139422]]
* L06 - Furnace Creek - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/L06.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:L06-003.png|thumb|left|in the air]]
[[Image:L06-004.png|thumb|right|in the air]]
* [[rallye-MS893]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=L06 --aircraft=rallye-MS893
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Utah==
!!! Work in progress !!!<BR/>

Escalante Muni Airport, Escalante, UT. This airport is east and a bit north of Bryce Canyon National park. If you head mostly south and a bit east you'll eventually hit the Grand Canyon. It is sandwiched between the Dixie National forest to the north and the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument to the south. There should be interesting stuff to see no matter which direction you head.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-1L7.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.75054400 Longitude: -111.57578300]]
* 1L7 - Escalante Muni - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/1L7.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=1L7 --aircraft=pa18
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Lake County Airport (CO)==
[[Image:KLXV-001.png|thumb|left|Adjust mixture !]]
[[Image:KLXV-002.png|thumb|right|The terrain will be covered by snow]]
Lake County Airport, Leadville, CO. This airport is at an elevation of 9927 making it a bit of a challenge to get into and out of with a standard C172.<BR/>
Make sure you lean out your engine before taking off and read up on density altitude before you try this one in real life.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:KLXV-003.png|thumb|left|The airport]]
[[Image:World-KLXV.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 39.22812500 Longitude: -106.31835600]]
* KLXV - Lake Co - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KLXV.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KLXV-004.png|thumb|left|I like this panorama]]
[[Image:KLXV-005.png|thumb|right|The nearby lake]]
* [[Cessna C172P]]

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
[[Image:KLXV-006.png|thumb|left|Landing...]]
fgfs --airport=KLXV --aircraft=c172p
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Caribbean - Saint Martin and St. Kitts==
[[Image:TNCM-003.png|thumb|left|just after the take off]]
[[Image:TNCM-004.png|thumb|right|some nearby island]]
Pilots of the Caribbeans is an informal FlightGear community of users who fly around the small Caribbean islands, many of which have custom scenery and improved landclass data. (For details see Pilots of the Caribbean)<BR/>

[[TNCM|Princess Juliana International Airport (TNCM)]] at the isle of Saint Martin, is one of the most popular airports in FlightGear. In large part due to the custom objects and land cover. However, St. Marten is only one of several detailed airports in the region - and, while the approach for TNCM is one of the most memorable in the whole world, the land cover for St. Kitts and Nevis makes it a lovely place to fly.

British Airways, US Airways and American Airlines, among others, all fly into St. Kitts' Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport (TKPK) in real life.

Take off from TKPK in a [[Piper_J3_Cub|Piper Cub]] and make a northward, clockwise circle of the island. Start your descent on the east side of the island, and focus on the small hill which separates the north from the south. Start hugging the coast near the beach and look to the west - as soon as the railroad heads to the southwest, you're about ready to turn for final. Make your right hand turn for final and taxi to the terminal.

If you want to fully explore this whole country, take off in a Beaver, which has a little more speed, and fly a figure eight. Take off from TKPK and circle the airport to the north like in the Cub. Then instead of landing, perform a touch-and-go and turn left over the boat terminal and make for the west coast of Nevis. Enjoy the beauty of the south coast of St. Kitts before circling Nevis. Over Nevis, you have several options - cut your flight short and land at [[TKPN]] on the island of Nevis, complete the "figure eight" by heading back to TKPK, or check your fuel and head east across the Caribbean to Antigua (which does not have custom land cover).
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-TNCM.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 18.040953 Longitude: -63.108900]]

* [[TNCM|TNCM - Princess Juliana International Airport]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TNCM.pdf chart]
* TKPK - Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TKPK.pdf chart]
* TKPN - Vance Winkworth Amory Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TKPN.pdf chart]
others interesting airports in the area:
* TFFF - Le Lamentin - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TFFF.pdf chart]
* [[MDPP|MDPP - Gregorio Luperon Intl]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/MDPP.pdf chart]
* TJSJ - Luis Munoz Marin Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TJSJ.pdf chart]
* FMEE - St Denis Gillot - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/FMEE.pdf chart]
* TFFG - Grand Case - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TFFG.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:TNCM-005.png|thumb|left|amazing]]
[[Image:TNCM-006.png|thumb|right|landing]]
* [[Piper_J3_Cub|Piper Cub]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=TKPK --aircraft=Cub
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Author===
By [[User:Statto|Statto]], format and extended by [[User:Francescobrisa|Francescobrisa]].

==Friedman Memorial Airport (Idaho)==
[[Image:KSUN-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:KSUN-002.png|thumb|right|nearby]]
Friedman Memorial Airport, Hailey, Idaho. This airport is nestled in a valley surrounded by significant terrain. It's one that shows up quite often in accident investigations.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-KSUN.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 43.51223900 Longitude: -114.30376100]]
* KSUN - Friedman Mem - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KSUN.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KSUN-003.png|thumb|left|landing]]
[[Image:KSUN-004.png|thumb|right|landing]]
* [[FK9MK2]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KSUN --aircraft=fk9mk2
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

== Wyoming - Grand Teton ==
Jackson Hole (KJAC) airport is located at around 6,400ft right next to the Teton range of mountains. The Tetons rise straight out of the plains, gaining over 5,000ft in 2 miles.

You will need the w120n40 scenery.

Tower frequency at KJAC is 118.07. Due to the high altitude, you will need to lean non-turbocharged piston aircraft before take-off. Don't forget that take-off distances will also be longer.

After take-off head to the North East. Grand Teton is the highest of the three peaks that rise straight from the flat-lands. Follow the line of mountains to the East, passing over Jenny Lake. After a couple of miles you will reach a huge lake. The large bulk of a mountain to the East is Mount Moran.

The Teton Mountain range is surprisingly thin - really just a string of mountains running SW-NE. Flying fast jets down the steep valleys is recommended.
* By [[User:Stuart|Stuart]].

== Virginia Eastern Shore, Chesapeake Bay-Bridge Tunnel Sightseeing ==
[[Image:KTGI-001.png|thumb|left|before take off]]
[[Image:KTGI-002.png|thumb|right|right after take off]]

Take a short VFR trip from Tangier Island to view the famous Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting Cape Charles to Cape Henry. Depart historic Tangier Island (KTGI) situated in the Chesapeake Bay and land at Norfolk International Airport (KORF), Norfolk, Virginia. The scenic character of the flight is enhanced by leaving the island at dusk. The flight is both scenic and challenging. Frequently, when flying with real weather, you will have a steady wind blowing across the bay. Starting out quiet Tangier and arriving at busy, glittering Norfolk International (KORF) gives the flight some contrast.

'''fgfs --airport=KTGI --runway=20 --timeofday=dusk'''

Before leaving Tangier: Set your altimeter to the prevailing barometric temperature. Set your communications radio to the Norfolk Intl. (KORF) ATIS frequency of 127.150 MHz to listen for weather reports in the destination area. Set your navigation radio to 112.20 MHz to pick up the Cape Charles (CCV) VOR. Set your heading bug to the runway heading, 200.

Takeoff straight, flying the runway heading. Climb to 2000ft and maintain.

Shortly, you should see the VOR assigned to NAV1 display receive a steady signal (the OFF flag will disappear). The DME should also settle down and display the distance to the Cape Charles VOR station. The flight to CCV will be about 26 nautical miles. As you fly, it will show your airspeed and time to arrival. It should take about ten minutes.

Turn the OBS knob until the VOR displays the TO flag and 190 degrees, the heading you should now turn to.

Fly south from Tangier, crossing an expanse of water, about ten miles until you see the Virginia Eastern Shore. You'll come upon the grass airstrip of Chance (VA89) a few minutes out from Tangier. Beyond are two flashing tower beacons. You may catch a glimpse of Weirwood/Kellam (W08) on the ocean shore, recognizable by two crossing dirt strips.

If you look carefully, you may see the little white building that is the Cape Charles VOR station. As you fly over VOR the flag will change from TO to FROM and the needle will deflect. Do not try to follow the needle. Wait until you are past the VOR. As you cross the VOR station, you should see a highway slanting across your path toward the south west. Turn to follow this highway. You'll come across a lone tower with beacon along the roadside. You'll see an access road stretching from the tower complex to the main road.

If the sky conditions permit, you may try your hand at wayfinding by following the road. If visiblity is poor, set the VOR to 180 degrees to parallel the road to the end of the peninsula. Or you can continue to fly outbound from the VOR on 190 by maintaining the same heading. The VOR needle should return to center with the FROM flag displaying. This will put you west of the bridge with a good view and the option to turn towards KORF near the initial approach fix. If you follow the highway you will need to overfly the airport, but if you stay on the 190 heading, you will be in a position to make a straight in landing.

As you fly down the peninsula you'll pass Cherrystone, Eagle's Nest, Scott and Bull Farm grass airstrips. Bull Farm is the last strip before the mouth of the Chesapeake. Just past Scott Farm you should see the first glimmer of the northern leg of the bridge. The grass strips can be very difficult to see.

As you reach the end of the peninsula, be careful to avoid the tower on Fisherman's Island at the north end of the north leg of the bridge (Note the bridge is not modeled by FlightGear...but I hope to work up one eventually). Next comes the north middle leg. Turn right a few degrees to follow the south middle leg. Watch as the deck plunges beneath the waves to allow ships to navigate the north and south channels.

As Cape Henry approaches, you'll see the Norfolk International airport to the right and the southern leg of the bridge touching the shore.

If you intend to land at KORF, you will want to start your approach soon. Otherwise, you may continue to follow the bridge to the end. Make the approach to KORF by contacting the tower for vectors. Or use the ILS.

This is a good flight to practice VOR flying on. It is a very straight flight path to the VOR requiring little adjustment and there are no other VORs in the area to confuse you.

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-KTGI.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.8250835 Longitude: -75.9976665]]
* KTGI - Tangier Island - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KTGI.pdf chart]
* KORF - Norfolk International - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KORF.pdf chart]

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KTGI-003.png|thumb|left|surroundings]]
[[Image:KORF-001.png|thumb|right|landing to KORF]]
I have tried this trip using a Seneca II
* [[Piper PA34-200T Seneca II]]
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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KTGI --runway=20 --timeofday=dusk --aircraft=SenecaII
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==Prince George to Calgary Springbank==
A beautiful flight is from Prince George (CYXS), to Calgary Springbank (CYBW). Route created by reed, which can be seen at {{forum link|t=9772|text=the forums}}
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter November 2010]] By [[User:Cael|Cael]].
==Ketchikan to Juneau==
It's cold where we will go so dress up warm and if we are lucky we might see whales during our flight. Don't fly too high to enjoy the amazing views, and there is a small challenge at the end. The runways we will use are long enough for bigger aircraft (7000+). Total length of the trip will be around 245 NM. So, hop in the cockpit of your favourite airliner.

Alaska, here we come! Enjoy!
#Park your aircraft on PAKT, [http://www.borough.ketchikan.ak.us/airport/airport_history.htm Ketchikan International], runway 11. The wind is coming from '''South''', change the weather if needed (SE is ok too).
#Fly North towards [[NDB]] Fredericks Point on 372.0 for 94 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Five Fingers on 295.0 for 39 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Gustavus on 219.0 for 77 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Coghlan Island on 212.0 for 32 NM.
#Set the [[ILS]] on 109.9 and land your aircraft (after 4 NM) on PAJN, [http://www.juneau.org/airport/ Juneau International], runway 08.
If you feel warm after this landing, you just crossed a NORAD microwave site, so that is why.
*October 2011 by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]] [[FlightGear Newsletter November 2011]]
==Searching Wizard Island==
*USA, Oregon, Klamath County
With one [[VORTAC]] behind our back we do an [[IFR]]/[[VFR]] search of Wizard Island, a mysterious place, a sacred place for native Americans. You might even find the <tt>Old Man of the Lake</tt>.

Don't pull up the map, that would spoil the surprise but I promise '''unique views'''. We will land on a short lawn runway. Terrain [[altitude]] will range from 4,000 to a max of 8,930 feet and down again. Total length of the trip will be about 50 NM. Select your aircraft with care. It must have one working navigational radio (VOR-DME), a strong engine, a strong undercarriage, must be capable of a good climb and a steep descend. I suggest to use Fair weather (Environment=>Global Weather). If needed remove some clouds (View=>Rendering Options=>Slider 3d Clouds to the left).
[[File:Mount Scott.jpg|thumb|250 px|Mount Scott (8,929 feet) just after depart from 2S7 (Two Sierra Seven). Wizard Island is just to the North-West of it.]]
*Park your aircraft on 2S7 (Two Sierra Seven), Chiloguin-State.
*Set [[NAV1]] on 115.9 (Klamath Falls VORTAC) and on radial 323<sup>o</sup> (Magnetic). We are at an [[elevation]] of 4,217 feet. Set QNH. Set heading bug at 275<sup>o</sup> (Magn).
*Take off an fly the course set with the heading bug.
*Intercept the radial.
*Monitor distance and you will find Wizard Island at 50 NM from Klamath Falls. The island has an elevation of 6,673 feet. I suggest a full 360<sup>o</sup> turn, take pictures.
*Set radial 318<sup>o</sup>, keep the same frequency. Do a new radial intercept.
*Try and find the airstrip (3S6, Three Sierra Six, Toketee-State) at 71 NM from Klamath Falls with an elevation of 3,361 feet, runway heading 275<sup>o</sup> (Magn). There are bumps around you should avoid.
*If you are capable of finding the island, finding the airstrip and landing without a crash, in one go..., you are a wizard.

Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_Lake this link] '''after''' you have landed so you know what amazing landscape you have seen.

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

=South America=
==Southern Tip of Chile==
[[Image:Scgz-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:Scgz-004.png|thumb|right|Some part of the scenery]]
Gary Carvell: Here is a suggestion for the FlightGear Places to Fly page. I don't have any particular routes, just fly around and enjoy the gorgeous scenery.<BR/>
These three airports are in the same region of the very southern tip of Argentina. This area is a scenic wonderland - a maze of islands, mountains, and ocean channels. Hours of entertainment.<BR/>
SCGZ - Puerto Williams Guardiamarina Zanartu Airport, Chile Located on the north coast of Isla Navarino facing the Beagle Channel. At 55 deg S. longitude, Puerto Williams is considered the southernmost town in the world.<BR/>
SAWH - Ushuaia Islas Malvinas Airport
SAWO - Ushuaia Est Aeronaval Airport
Ushuaia, on the south coast of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, on the the Beagle Channel.
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===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:Sawh-004.png|thumb|left|Approaching Ushumaia Malvinas Argentinas]]
[[Image:World-scgz.png|thumb|right|Latitude: -54.931072 Longitude: -67.626261]]

* SCGZ - Guardiamarina Zanartu - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SCGZ.pdf chart]
* SAWH - Ushuaia Malvinas Argentinas - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SAWH.pdf chart]
* SAWO - Ushuaia Est Aeronaval - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SAWO.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:Scgz-002.png|thumb|left|Just left the scgz airport]]
I personally like to fly this area in the [[Consolidated_Aircraft_PBY_Catalina|Catalina]], it's a great sightseeing plane with the advantage that you can take off and land just about anywhere.
* [[Consolidated_Aircraft_PBY_Catalina|Catalina]]
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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=SCGZ --aircraft=Catalina
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==Copacabana to San Rafael over Lake Titicaca==
Bolivia to Peru. This trip will lead you over one of the highest and deepest lakes in the world towards the highest airfield in the world. It a demonstration of a [[IFR]] flight towards a fix and a demonstration how accurate FlightGear simulates air density and the effects it has on aircraft.
[[File:Slcc-sprf.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Flight and fix SLCC to SPRF]]
Place your aircraft on the airfield [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copacabana,_Bolivia SLCC, Copacabana], with an [[elevation]] of 12,592 feet. FlightGear will show snow all around you but that is not very realistic so let's clean up. View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5,000M).

We will fly towards and land at SPRF. If you would enter SLCC and SPRF in [[Kelpie]] planner you probably would not be able to find SPRF. To find SPRF I am adding an additional VOR-DME station and for a good fix give you another VOR-DME. Try Kelpie planner to plan this route and compare with this suggestion.

Equipment preparation. Set [[NAV1]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliaca Juliaca] VOR-DME on 155.55 with a radial of 311° (magnetic). Set [[NAV2]] to Arequipa VOR-DME on 113.7 with a radial of 212°. During our flight we will fly with [[true altitude]] as set with [[QNH]], keep QNH updated. Arm the autopilot with the [[heading bug]] at 311° and an initial altitude of 13,500 feet.

Take off and if you took the wrong RW pull up hard. Take a small tour over [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicaca lake Titicaca], see the floating islands and try to find the lost golden treasure. Intercept the nearest radial on NAV1 towards Juliaca (about 311°).

Just before Juliaca is a hill so while on lake Titicaca increase altitude to 14,200 feet, the [[VFR]] part of this trip is over. After passing Juliaca set the radial of NAV1 to 352° and set the altitude to 17,422 feet. We will fly from NAV1 and slowly increase altitude.

At a distance of about 60 NM set the heading bug on the current course. Monitor the distance to NAV1, the radial of NAV2 and the distance to NAV2. At a distance of 74.5 NM to NAV1, a distance of 140.7 NM and at the '''radial''' intercept of NAV2 should be the runway. So, from 60 NM onwards, look outside the window, then at NAV1 and then NAV2 etc.

If you are at 80NM to NAV1 you have missed the airfield but you still won't hit any hills (unless you bank left). Bank right and set the heading bug to 172°. Fly back towards NAV1 and intercept the radial 352° at about 50NM again to repeat the search.

The runway SPRF, San Rafael, has a elevation of 14,422 feet and a heading of 297°/ 117°. Our initial altitude has been set 3,000NM above the RW elevation. That should give sufficient room for navigation.

After you have seen the airfield set the radial of NAV1 to 297°, the heading of the runway (not the course to the runway) as a visual aid. Land on RW 30 (and not on RW 12 unless you are a show-off). Oh, there is a small hill in front of RW 30, just so you know.

Decreasing speed at this altitude can be a bit tricky. The air is thin and does not give much resistance. Next to that, the difference between [[indicated airspeed]] and [[ground speed]] is very noticeable. The ground speed is much higher as the indicated airspeed.

After a successful landing, try to discover the origin of the Amazon river since we are now at the starting point of that trip.
* By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

==Origin of the Amazon River==
[[Image:SPRF-001.png|thumb|left|high altitude]]
[[Image:SPRF-002.png|thumb|right|high altitude]]
Peru. For this [[IFR]] tour (with [[VFR]] parts) we take off from the highest airfield in the world to discover the origin of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River Amazon river] in South America. I promise spectacular mountains and valleys. The total length of this trip is about 175 NM.

Place your aircraft on the airfield SPRF, San Rafael. FlightGear will show snow all around you but that is not very realistic so let's clean up. View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5,000M).

Equipment preparation: Set [[NAV1]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa Arequipa] VOR-DME at 113.7 with a radial of 176° (magnetic). Set [[NAV2]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco Cusco] VOR-DME at 114.9 also with a radial of 176°.
Set [[QNH]] and during flight keep correcting it, it's a bad idea to use [[Pressure altitude]] during this flight. Set the [[heading bug]] to 250°. Arm the [[autopilot]] and set the initial [[altitude]] to 16,000 feet.

The airfield SPRF, San Rafael has an [[elevation]] of 14,422 feet. That altitude will cause problems during take-off. It takes a lot longer for the aircraft to gain sufficient speed for take-off, also the take-off speed that is needed is higher as you would expect. Perhaps an additional notch of flaps is needed.

Take-off, avoid the bumps (there are plenty) and fly a course of 250°. After about 80 NM you will fly over the radial of NAV1. Intercept the radial towards Arequipa. At a distance of 75 NM towards NAV1 you will have to increase altitude to 19,000 feet.

At a distance of 50 NM towards NAV1 and 118 NM from NAV2 you will see and cross over the mountain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_Mismi Nevado Mismi] with an altitude of 18,362 ft. The rains and water on the area to the right until Nevado Mismi will leave towards the Atlantic ocean through the Amazon river. Anything to the left and after Nevado Mismi will leave towards the Pacific ocean.

After Nevado Mismi you are tempted to descend. Don't. Just before the airfield is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachani Mt.Chachani] with an altitude of 19,872 feet and to the East is the active volcano [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Misti El Misti] with an altitude of 19,101 feet. You can either increase the altitude and fly over the airfield or keep the altitude, even descend and fly between the mountains, your choice depends on the visibility.

Fly using the heading bug and set NAV1 to [[ILS]] 109.7 with a radial of 93.2°. We will land at airfield [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ball%C3%B3n_International_Airport SPQU, Rodriguez ballon], that has an elevation of 8,405 feet. There is a reason this airfield has just one ILS. The area South-West of the airfield is below 11,405 feet and is safe to navigate.

Position the aircraft in front of the runway at an altitude of 11,405 feet, catch the [[glidescope]] at a distance of 9.5 NM and land your aircraft. After landing and parking your aircraft crawl into the tower to look around.

Happy flying!

* By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:SPQU-001.png|thumb|left|pre - landing]]
[[Image:World-SPRF.png|thumb|right|Latitude: -14.267 Longitude: -70.467]]
* SPRF - San Rafael - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SPRF.pdf chart]
* SPQU - Rodriguez Ballon - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SPQU.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:SPQU-002.png|thumb|right|landed]]
I recomend a powerful jet angine airplane, but not too heavy !
* [[Cessna 550 Citation II]]

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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=SPRF --aircraft=Citation-II
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=Middle East=
==Israel to Jordan over the Dead Sea==
[[Image:LLBS-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:LLBS-002.png|thumb|right|flat land]]
Dead Sea is the lowest water elevation on the Earth. Take off from the Beer-Sheva Teyman airport and head East-North-East. About half way there, after the southern Hebron mountains ridge, there'll be a sharp drop-off down to the Dead Sea --- the lowest exposed point on the Earth.<br/>
<br/>
It's really fun to descend and explore the beautiful coastline. In the real life, you wouldn't like to fly low over this water there of your own will --- while you don't need a life vest in the Dead Sea, the water is pretty caustic there for one's eyes. Once you're done marvelling the sights, continue on to the Queen Alia airport.
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===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:LLBS-006.png|thumb|left|landing in the dead sea, notice the altitude !]]
[[Image:OJAI-007.png|thumb|right|landing at Queen Alia Intl.]]
[[Image:World-LLBS.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 31.29037800 Longitude: 34.71922500]]
* LLBS - Teyman - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LLBS.pdf chart]
* OJAI - Queen Alia Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/OJAI.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:LLBS-003.png|thumb|left|approaching the dead sea]]
[[Image:LLBS-004.png|thumb|right|there is also a minor airport]]
* [[Albatross]]

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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LLBS --aircraft=Albatross
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=Europe=
==Edinburgh to Oban==
See article: [[Edinburgh to Oban]].

==Oban to Prestwick==
The west coast of Scotland offers some stunning scenery and a number of small airfields and airports to land at on both the mainland and the small islands the dot the coast. The distances between the various airfields are quite small, and some of the runways are on the short side, so STOL or GA aircraft are ideal. The tour suggested here follows part of a microlight trip I made this month, photos of which can be found [http://www.nanjika.co.uk/photos/gigha/ here].

Oban airport (EGEO) lies on the west coast of Scotland, and offers fuel (both AVGAS and AVTUR) and a North/South tarmac runway.

From Oban it is just a 10 minute flight west to the grass airfield of Glenforsa (EG45), on the north-east coast of the island of Mull. Due to the hills and water channel, this airfield often gets quite strange wind patterns - the weather can be perfect in Oban, but much gustier and windier at Glenforsa. At times the windsocks at either end of the runway can blow in completely opposite directions!

Some distance north of Oban lie the airfields of the Isle of Skye (EG57) and Plockton (EG81). This is an excellent place from which to explore the mountains of the Isle of Skye, known as the Cuilins.

Heading south from Oban, one can follow the coast to the island of Jura, with it's distinctive hills (The Paps of Jura). From Jura one can head south to the island of Islay with its numarous malt whisky distilleries (many of which are modelled in FG). Islay Airport (EGPI) has extensive runways. From Islay head north east to the tiny island of Gigha. Despite it's small size, it too has an airfield (EG44), though the FG version is tarmac rather than grass.

From Gigha head east over the Mull of Kintyre, to the hilly isle of Arran, then north east to the Isle of Bute. Both islands have very small grass airstrips, which are sadly not present in FG. From Bute you can head south east to Prestwick International (EGPK), famous for being the only place Elvis touched down in the UK, and a fine place to end our tour.

== Edinburgh to Dundee ==
Edinburgh Airport (EGPH) is located to the West of the city of Edinburgh and south of the Forth rail and road bridges. You'll need the w010n50 scenery and the latest set of objects from the scenery DB which include a number of models for the Edinburgh area.

From Edinburgh Airport, head north and circle the bridges, then follow the coast on the south eastwards past Edinburgh (watch out for the Castle!) and to East Lothian and Bass Rock - a volcanic plug in the sea that is host to thousands of sea-birds.

There are a number of sights in East Lothian, include a distillery.

If you wish to continue your tour, head back North, crossing the Firth of Forth to the Kingdom of Fife. Head approximated North West, tracking towards the Perth VOR (110.4). There is an airport here (Perth Scone, EGPT), but instead we will now track out on the 090 radial and pick up the ILS to Dundee Airport (108.10) landing beside the sea.

==Austrian alps soaring==
Discover the Austrian alps with a glider. [[Pinzgauer Spaziergang]]

== Sightseeing the Alps in a C172 ==
This tour will guide you to many of the most famous mountains, valleys, glaciers, snowfields, winter and summer vacation areas, etc. in the European Alps. In addition there are several hints to visit nearby areas of interest. On the tour you will visit Switzerland, Italy and France.
See the detailed description in: http://www.emmerich-j.de/FGFS/Alp-flying.pdf (mirrored to https://beni.hallinger.org/fgfs.nobackup/Alp-Tour-Jomo/)

* The scenic trip does take about 2 hours.
* Skyvector route: https://skyvector.com/?ll=46.464097146192884,7.159790050777061&chart=301&zoom=6&fpl=%20LSZC%204700N00836E%204647N00840E%204642N00836E%204637N00835E%204634N00823E%204634N00812E%204633N00809E%204634N00805E%204634N00801E%204631N00803E%204624N00746E%204619N00745E%204618N00753E%204614N00752E%204612N00749E%204609N00747E%204603N00746E%204601N00745E%204600N00738E%204555N00724E%204555N00712E%204553N00703E%204547N00652E%204549N00649E%204604N00634E%20LSGG

== Salzburg to Zell am See via Hallstatt ==
[[File:LOWS-LOGO-LOWZ.jpg|thumb|The route for Salzburg to Zell am See via Hallstatt]]
This flight will bring you around a very scenic region of the austrian alps.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.5666119817603,13.107925427128999&chart=301&zoom=3&fpl=N0100A040%20LOWS%204735N01311E%204736N01339E%204733N01340E%204733N01343E%204735N01343E%204738N01355E%204727N01357E%20LOWZ SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip.
* Trip takes around 1 hr. air time at 120 KTAS.
* Fly at an altitude of about 4000ft or so (the entire trip can be done at that altitude safely).

* Start ''Salzburg (LOWS)''; follow the Autobahn in the valley to the southeast until you reach the fork at ''Golling''. To the south you see the Mountains of the ''Tennengebirge''.
* Alternatively (and I recommned that), you can also deviate sothwest around ''Mt. Untersberg'' (1972m, hosting germanys longest and deepest cave, the ''Riesending'') to visit lake ''Königsee'' and watch the peaks of the ''Steinernes Meer'' (the dominant and very famous ''Mt. Watzmann'', 2713m!) and north side of the ''Mt. Hochkönig''. You need to climb to at least 6200ft to cross the final ridge at the end of the lake valley. After crossing, descend to 4000ft, follow the valley and fly north at the next valley to rejoin the route.
* Turn east and follow the valley and hills, aim for a prominent V-shaped incision at the end. Fly through there and you suddenly break out at the lake ''Hallstätter See'', a fjord-like lake 125m deep.
* Follow the ''Hallstätter See'' to the south, on its western shore is the famous town of ''Hallstatt''. At the mountain to your right (north of Hallstatt) is a very old settlement dating back to the late bronce age (Hallstattzeit, c. 800–450 BC) and there was a very important Salt mine dating back to that time and important archeological grave findings.
Looking south you can see the ''Dachstein'' (2995 m), a high peak hosting the ''Hirlatzhöhle'', with 120km the twentiest longest and with 1560m sixth deepest cave of planet earth.
* Follow the valley east bend to ''Obertraun'', and then north over the ''Koppenpass'' and the town of ''Bad Aussee''.
* From ''Bad Aussee'', fly straight to the lakes ''Grundlsee'' and ''Toplitzsee'' (you can't see the latter yet).
* Between the two, turn southwards and aim for the reservoir lake ''Salza'' which is in the sharp incision you can see to the south.
* After passing the reservoir, you may try to get down to ''Niederoblarn'' (LOGO) to the southeast, it's a short airfield.
* From there, follow the railway in the valley of Enns westwards, LOWZ is about 20 minutes away. On your right side watch out for the other side of the ''Dachstein'' and the town of ''Schladming'', which lies down in the valley next the rocky hills with the river flowing trough. Look for the railway and the river Enns.
* Behind ''Schladming'' (south of Mt. ''Dachstein'', approximately halfway of the distance LOGO/LOWZ) the valley will widen a bit again, featuring a rocky mountain in the middle of the valley. Continue to follow the railway and river bending nortwest arond the small mountain.
* Near the bigger town of ''Radstadt'' the valley will open significantly. Follow west, heading for the next town ''Altenmark'' at the end of the opening.
* The railway will bend north at ''Altenmark'' and soon join the Autobahn A10/E55. This is the point we need to go southwest and follow the next valley.
* The valley leads us westward to the Town of ''St. Johann/Pongau''. probably around the middle of the valley you can spot the prominent ''Mt. Hochkönig'' (2941m) northwest of ''St. Johann'' and the ''Tennengebirge'' to its right.
* Once reaching ''St. Johann'', continue to follow the next big valley west-southwest.
* After about 16 miles you will reach ''Zell am See'' (LOWZ) where we will land after around one hour flight time in total. Beware this is a short field.

== Zell am See to Innsbruck via Mt. Venediger ==
[[File:LOWZ-LOWI.jpg|thumb|The route for Zell am See to Innsbruck]]
This flight will bring you to two of the core peaks of the Alpenhauptkamm.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.201656734623775,12.160079968084839&chart=301&zoom=3&fpl=N0100A120%20LOWZ%20LOWZ%204708N01241E%204708N01221E%204706N01214E%204710N01152E%204724N01150E%20LOWI SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip.
* Trip takes around 45 minutes air time at 110 KTAS.
* Climb to at an altitude of about 10000ft or so after starting from [[:File:Lowz-parking.jpg|Zell am See]].

* After starting fly into the valley southwest over the town of ''Kaprun''. Maybe you need to circle a bit to gain altitude, near the mountains we need at least about 10000ft!
* Follow the valley until you overfly two lakes (''Stausee Wasserfallboden'' and ''Moorboden''). To your left you can see ''Mt. Großes Wiesbachhorn'' (3564m).
* The end of the valley goes over into a flank of the ''Großglockner'' which is near to the south. Follow the west bend of the valley end and fly over the lakes ''Tauernmoossee'' and ''Weißsee''. After you climb out of the valley, you already should see the peak of ''Mt. Venediger'' on the front left. Aim to the saddle right of its peak.
* You then fly that direction over several valleys that go from south to north, until you hit the very big valley that bend from south to west. The ridgeline right of that valley is the border between the Austrian states Tirol and Salzburg. Follow the valley up to the ''Venediger'', passing the ''Mt. Sandebentörl'' (2751m), still aiming for the saddle.
* Shortly after you reach the end of the valley and need to overfly the saddle with the glacier ''Venedigerkees'' behind it. The ridgeline is again the border between Tirol and Salzburg. Directly south of the ''Venedigerkees'' is the pyramid of ''Mt. Venediger''.
* Follow ''Venedigers'' ridge to the southwest, skip the first valley and overfly the next ridge.
* From here you can deviate into the valley north and visit the ''Krimmler Wasserfälle'', and from there west trough the main valley.
* If you instead follow the planned route westwards, aim to the peak of ''Mt. Zillerplattenspitze'' (3148m) with the small lake ''Eissee'' to its south flank which you should already see. This is a little hard to get right, but don't fly directly into the big valley but aim right to the second row mountain peaks at about 280 heading.
* Overfly the ridge with ''Eissee'' and follow the valley from there nothwest with the reservoir ''Zillergründl'' and ''Mt. Reichenspitze'' (3303m) to its right; until you reach the town ''Mayrhofen'' where the current valley meets the ''Zillertal'' valley. You also should start to descend now to about 3500ft with a rate of roughly -1000fpm.
* From ''Mayrhofen'' follow the ''Zillertal'' valley north and when reaching the ''Inntal'' valley near the town ''Jenbach'', Innsbruck Airport is a few minutes to the west. If you like, you can divert north at ''Jenbach'' to visit ''Achensee'', and even continue further north to land at Munich via lake ''Tegernsee'' or via the Isartal over ''Bad Tölz''.

== Crossing the alps ==
[[File:ED02-LIPB.jpg|thumb|The route for Fuessen to Bolzano]]
This trip brings us from germany via austria to italy, crossing the alps, visiting the famous castle Neuschwanstein and Mt. Zugspitze, germanys highest peak.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.068251080980836,10.959411633048108&chart=301&zoom=5&fpl=N01204735N01041E%204734N01045E%204729N01042E%204726N01046E%204724N01054E%204712N01054E%204704N01058E%204656N01103E%204655N01106E%204653N01109E%204650N01110E%204648N01113E%204638N01110E%20LIPB SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather and time (I suggest to start with the first light/sunrise).
* There are no helpful navaids for this trip, but Bolzano NDB: 362 BZO may serve as a final guidance.
* Trip takes around 45 minutes air time at 120 KTAS.

* Start at ED02 Fuessen, climb to about 3000 and head southeast to visit castle Neuschwanstein, south of the Forgensee.
* After looking at the castle (challenge: fly close around behind it), we start climbing to 3500 and aim southwestish and cross over from germany to austria.
* Fly into the big valley directing south. East of Reutte start climbing 500fpm to 6000 and follow the railway in the valley to the southeast.
* Once the valley opens significantly, you can see the famous mountain Zugspitze (germanys highest peak, 2962 m) to the front.
* Head southwards around the Mt. Gartnerwand over town Ehrwald and fly between the two small peaks over the Marienbergjoch mountain pass, 1789m/5870ft (between Mt. Wanning and Mt. Marienberg; challenge: who can make it with the least altitude?).

* After overflying the second mountain, to the south comes a new valley called Ötzal where you fly into.
* Follow that valley all the way to the south and slowly climb to at least 8600 now (300fpm or so). Note overflying Längenfelden, where the dominant valley joins from the east with the river Fischbach, halfaway the leg; this looks similar to the end, but isn't.
* Follow the valley until it starts to branch in all different directions at the end (over the town of Sölden and Zwieselstein).
* We follow the Southeast main branch and then turn quickly to a smaller valley branching off directly eastwards (look for the mountain pass road).
* That brings us to the mountain pass of the Timmelsjoch and is the place where we cross over to Italy.

* After passing, we can descend to 2500 or so, following the terrain. Follow the valley and its river "Passer" southeast, and follow its bend to the south.
* Follow the valley and make a nice turn around Mt. Kolbenspitze's east ridge, over San Leonardo, still following the Passer river now southwards.
* Where the valley hits the next big valley "Etschtal", is a bigger famous city called Merano. From there we follow the River Etsch and the Autobahn (highway) to the south and are soon approaching the somewhat hidden airport of Bolzano (LIPB) after an estimated time of somewhat under one hour at 120 knots.

From here you can also continue more to the south to Trento (LIDT, total FT ~1:00) or Verona (LIPX, total FT ~1:20) - just follow the river Etsch to the south! Venezia is also not far away, just ~30 minutes/62nm to the east of Verona.

== Aosta to Innsbruck with instrument approach ==
Depart from Aosta ('''LIMW''') and fly over the Alps to [[Innsbruck Airport|Innsbruck]] ('''LOWI'''), then perform an instrument approach. The final landing must always be visual. For this you will require a fast jet with not one but two working ADFs and one ILS, all to be used simultaneously! Not all aircraft meet these requirements; here is a selection:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Suggested planes
!Plane
!MTOW (t)
!Cockpit
!Wingspan (m)
|-
|707
|141
|Steam
|44.9
|-
|757-200
|116
|EFIS
|38
|-
|Tu-154b
|98
|Steam
|37.5
|-
|A320
|78
|Glass
|35.8
|-
|MD-87
|68
|Steam
|32.8
|-
|Super Constellation
|53
|Steam
|37
|-
|CRJ700
|33
|Glass
|23.2
|-
|An-24B
|21
|Steam
|29.2
|-
|Citation X
|16
|Glass
|19.4
|}
Larger planes are unsuitable for departure from Aosta (and will have trouble fitting on the apron) but are equipped for the instrument approach at Innsbruck; namely the 747-8, 777, MD-11 and 767. Even the 707 is a stretch; make sure it weighs less than 200k pounds or it won't be able to take off from the short runway at Aosta. Smaller planes can take off at maximum weight from Aosta.

* Take off, climb and maintain FL262. When above the mountains, turn to heading 050. Accelerate to Mach 0.8.

* While en route, set your radios as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|+Radio settings
!Radio
!Freq
!Beacon
!Course
|-
|ADF1 active
|413
|KTI
|
|-
|ADF1 standby
|420
|INN
|
|-
|ADF2 active
|313
|AB
|
|-
|ILS active
|109.7
|OEJ
|064
|}

* Set your [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_direction_finder#Radio_magnetic_indicator_(RMI) Radio Magnetic Indicator] to show both ADFs. This instrument is your best friend! With a glass cockpit, make sure to display both ADFs on your nav display, and I strongly recommend "CTR" mode where the nav display shows a full compass rose instead of just an arc.
* Turn to '''KTI''' (on your ADF1) as soon as the signal is stable. This happens long after '''AB''' is stable; both ADFs should now point in the same direction.
* Set your altimeter to the barometric pressure of Innsbruck airport.
* Descend and maintain 13100 ft. This is not a flight level.
* Reduce speed to 160 knots, extend flaps. Note that it takes a full minute to extend the flaps on the 747!
* When you pass '''KTI''', turn to heading 104 and intercept the ILS. Maintain altitude.
* As soon as you intercept the ILS, turn to 064, descend steeply and maintain 3900 ft. ''The ILS does not point to the runway''.
* During this steep descent, switch your ADF1 to '''INN''' (the standby frequency).
* Still following the ILS and descending, set course for '''AB''' on your ADF2. Watch your ADF1 ('''INN''') to triangulate your position in real time.
* When you pass '''AB''', turn steeply right to '''INN''' while maintaining speed and altitude.
* Immediately after your turn, you should see runway 26 on your 1 o'clock. If 26 is active, extend gear and go straight in.
* If 08 is active, proceed to '''INN''' instead, following your ADF1. When you pass '''INN''', turn right heading 260 while still maintaining speed and altitude. This is your downwind. Extend gear.
* When you cross the ILS for the second time, make a steep, descending U-turn to the right and land on 08. Airport elevation is 1900ft. You do have a radio altimeter, don't you?
* If your plane is lightly loaded, you may be able to exit the runway before the end. Otherwise, you have to do a U-turn at the end of the runway.

==Grenoble Le-Versoud==

[[Image:LFLG.jpg|800px]]

France : '''LFLG''' ( Grenoble Le-Versoud ) airport : border of Alps
*P.A.F. home base [http://equipe-flightgear.forumactif.com/ link]

* Take-off from Grenoble le Versoud (LFLG). Head south following the general direction of the Alps. Bearing left (East) will take you into high alpine territory, while towards the West lie the plains of the Rhône valley. Once you reach the Mediterranean coast, follow it to land in Marseilles (LFML), Nice (LFMN), or another smaller airport serving the French Riviera.
*Published in [[Custom France Scenery]].

==Gulf of Finland sightseeing tour==
Take a VFR sightseeing tour over the Gulf of Finland from Helsinki to Tallinn! Estonia's landmarks are all recent additions, while Helsinki was one of the first cities to have original models in the scenery model database.

Take off from the smaller EFHF airfield in Helsinki, or try your luck fighting the virtual traffic at Vantaa, and head toward the port of Helsinki. Look for the Hartwall Arena, the Pasila tower, the railway station and the Olympic Stadium along the way. Make your way out over the Gulf flying just west of south - a heading of 190 should set you up nicely for a sightseeing tour of Tallinn. Try to come in from the west and do a sweeping left turn over the capital of Estonia, looking out for the Swissotel, Olympic Hotel, the Television tower, and other important landmarks in the capital city of Estonia. Make sure you look out for St. Olaf's Church, the tallest building in the capital city. Make your way over the Ulemiste Jarv (lake) to land on runway 09 at Tallinn's main airport.

If you desire, you can do a touch-and-go at Tallinn and set your course southeastward, landing at Tartu Airport, which is also modelled in FlightGear.

The distance between Helsinki and Tallinn is about 50 miles or 80 kilometres, while Tartu is twice the distance from Tallinn at 100 miles/160 kilometres. Fly a heading of 135 to get to Tartu from Tallinn.

==Azores==
[[Image:LPLA-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:LPLA-002.png|thumb|right|approaching island]]
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores Azores], set in the middle of the Atlantic ocean, has had many names. Fortunate Isles, the Blue Islands, the Islands of Tin and Silver, the Islands of the Seven Cities. We can add, the Islands of Amazing Sights and Flights.

Our flight is to celebrate the amazing views FlightGear can give us.

Start your plane at [[Lajes Field]] (LPLA). This once was an emergency landing site for the [[Space Shuttle]] so you will have plenty of room to take off.
We will have to fly an odd pattern. The reason for that: if you don't fly too high (stick around 3000 while you can) you will have some amazing views.

Next, fly towards and over LPPD. Look out the window and enjoy the view. Then head out towards LPHR. If you feel LPHR coming near, look out the window good, you might have to pull your plane up.

Happy flying!
*Published by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:LPPD-001.png|thumb|left|over the island]]
[[Image:LPPD-002.png|thumb|right|landing]]

* [[LPLA|LPLA - Lajes Field]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LPLA.pdf chart]
* LPPD - Ponta del gada - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LPPD.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Suggested aircraft===
* [[Cessna 550 Citation II]]

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LPLA --aircraft=Citation-II
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
== Canary Islands Trip ==

An archipelago in the middle of the Atlantic sea, stunning beauty where you won't expect it. Seven islands, seven continents, thats what the canarian people say. And it's true, you will face seven totally different islands and nine different airports.
Take off from the largest one, GCLP, at the main island Gran Canaria. Leave the beautiful island heading to the west, and land at GCTS, the southern airport at Tenerife. Enjoy the view on Spains highest mountain, the glaciered Teide, when flying to La Gomera (GCGM), one of the greenest islands there. Master the short runway, and enjoy the view, before taking the challenge and approach El Hierro (GCHI). A short runway, with cliffs and rocks on both ends will cause you to sweat. From this island, which was claimed to be the western end of the world in medieval times, you'll turn to the beautiful and wild island of La Palma (GCLA). The next approach will be historical, because you are approaching the notorious Tenerife North (GCXO). Yes, I am serious, you will face that airport, where the worst civil plane crash ever took place. But you needn't worry, if you got that far, you will do this approach as easy as any other. The longest flight on your trip will take you to the eastern island, Lanzarote (GCRR). Take a look at the volcanic-red mountains, the vineyards, and the beaches. You want more beaches?? Depart to the south-west, fly over the small island of Los Lobos, and land in the holiday-paradise Fuerteventura. Enjoy dunes, bays, and very nice long beaches, before you finally touch down in Fuerteventura (GCFV). You want to stay? Okay, let's taxi to a parking position, and cut off the engines. If you still want more, fly back to Gran Canaria's GCLP, where we started our trip.

Custom scenery: [[Canary Islands Custom Scenery]] / direct source: https://github.com/D-ECHO/Canarys

=== Suggested Aircraft ===

* small civil aircraft, such as the Cessna Skylane, Skyhawk, or Citation
* small airliners, like the Q400, the ATR72, the CRJ200, or similar

Route by Flycanarias
<gallery></gallery>
==Gibraltar==
''This flight suggestion has originally been published by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]''

Traffic lights turn red, gates are closed. The only busy main road to the peninsula is closed and all the cars and trucks are waiting patiently. Waiting for a train to pass? No. Waiting for a plane to pass since the main road crosses a busy runway.

On both sides water and being crossed by a busy main road can only be one runway: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Airport Gibraltar airport]!

One would expect an ILS installed on such a tricky runway but no, you will have to guess where it is and how far away it is. Not even an ADF points to it.

Take off from LEMG (Malaga). Go South-West and find the runway of LXGB somewhere to the right of the rock. '''Happy guessing!'''
===Airports===
*'''Departure Airport:''' Málaga/Costa del Sol (LEMG) - [https://aip.enaire.es/AIP/#LEMG Charts (AIP España)]
*'''Destination Airport:''' Gibraltar (LXGB) - [https://www.aidu.mod.uk/aip/pdf/ad/LXGB-Gibraltar-Combined.pdf Charts (UK MIL AIP)]

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200px">
File:LEMG-010.png|Take-Off at Malaga Airport, Costa del Sol
File:LEMG-011.png|Just after departure from Malaga (LEMG)
File:LEMG-013.png|Look for the Gibraltar Rock appearing in the distance
File:LEMG-015.png|On Approach to Gibraltar Airport (LXGB)
</gallery>

===Suggested aircraft===
* [[Piper Aerostar]]

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LEMG --aircraft=aerostar700 --adf1=300 --nav1=300:117.80
=Asia=
==Khorog, Tajikistan==
[[File:Fw190HinduKush.jpeg|left|thumb|Approaching a bank of snow-covered mountains in the south of the Hindu Kush]]
Surrounded by spectacular mountains and nestled in the end of a valley, Khorog Airfield (UT1C) makes an interesting place to land. It can only be approached by flying down the curved valley that snakes in from the North. Flying from here to OPCH (Chitral, Pakistan) at around 500ft AGL all the way is a wonderful way to explore the Hindu Kush mountains.

If you bring a piston engined aircraft, be prepared to adjust the mixture as you climb - at the highest point in the flight, you will be at around 22000ft. Also, don't forget to carry plenty of fuel - there are very few airfields in the Hindu Kush that exist in FlightGear. This is a scenery bug that will hopefully be fixed in the future.

*By[[User:Armchair Ace| Armchair Ace]].

== Central Karakoram range ==
Let's explore one of the highest regions of the planet - the central Karakoram with the densest concentration of mountains of 8000 m and above. We're going to need a good climbing performance for the trip - even the frozen plateau of Baltoro glacier, above which K2 and Gasherbrum V and VI loom, is more than 13,000 ft high.

[[File:Karakoram1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Circling Gasherbrum I]]

Take off from Skardu airport in Pakistan (OPSD). Skardu has a reasonably long (11,944 ft) runway at just 7,316 ft elevation, so you can take a jet, but for instance the [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|Twin Otter]] is more stylish.

South of Skardu lies Deosai park, a famous high plateau, but we turn initially east. There's a chain of lakes which is the Indus river. After about five miles, the Shigar river merges with the Indus. Turn slightly left and follow the Shigar, then follow it into a long and broad lake-filled valley stretching into north-western direction.

Towards the end of the lake, a small tributary river, the Braldu, turns eastward out of the main valley. Follow the Braldu and start climbing (if you haven't done so yet). About 15 miles after turning into the Braldu river valley, two glacier-filled valleys stretch to the north - admire the view!

[[File:Karakoram2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Heading back into Skardu, Nanga Parbat on the horizon]]

Passing a few lakes, you reach finally Baltoro glacier continuing the river valley stretching eastward. Ever climbing, follow the glacier till you reach some kind of T-junction. The glacier arm reaching north leads to K2 (which sadly isn't really there in Flightgear), but just ahead of you are the still rather impressive peaks of Gasherbrum V, VI and I - circle the range and make some pictures!

A good way back to Skardu is to go about 10 miles sourth from the Gasherbrum peaks, then head due west. To your west, you can see the long valleys fall away from the high ranges, to your right is the still glacier-covered high Karakoram. On a clear day (really good visibility selected) you can see the distinctive peak of Nanga Parbat appearing straight ahead on the horizon. The valley of Skardu is quite a distinctive feature and finding back VFR should not be a problem.

== The Paro Challenge ==
[[File:The Paro Challenge route.png|thumb|The route to follow in the maze of valleys between Hashimara Air Base (VE44) and Paro airport (VQPR). Created using OpenStreetMap and the Open Topo layer.]]
The challenge consists in flying as fast and as low as possible from Hashimara (VE44) to Paro (VQPR) while navigating a maze of valleys, steep climbs and sharp turns with only one VOR-DME beacon to guide you (it sits on a mountaintop south of Paro airport). You cannot fly on instruments; this is a 100% visual flight.

Spawn at VE44 (Hashimara Air Force Station). Take off in any direction then turn immediately to heading 013 while staying low. You will see the Himalayas appear on the horizon. Follow the valley as it turns 90° left then make a sharp U-turn (180°) to the right. Fly over the bridge, then U-turn left again (160°). Follow the valley and do another U-turn to the right. Take a deep breath for a couple of nautical miles. Climb to 8500ft while heading 080 to pass over the mountain range. Turn slightly to your right (heading 100) and do a steep dive to 4000ft into the valley. Turn left into the second valley (heading 010), which you will need to follow all the way to Paro airport (VQPR), while climbing slowly to the airport elevation of 7500ft. On the way to Paro, you will pass a monastery on your left. If you don't see this monastery, you've lost yourself in the maze; good luck! After this monastery, follow the valley to the left (heading 290), which will force you to turn right after a few nautical miles. The runway will be hidden behind a hill. You can pass over the hill (steep dive on the other side) or fly to the right of it (steep S-turns), your choice.

=== Suggested aircraft ===
The Paro Challenge is a challenge for most aircraft and most pilots. You will probably not succeed on your first attempt; and successive attempts with various aircraft will renew the challenge.

===== Easy =====
[[Cessna 550 Citation II]], [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|Pilatus PC-6]], [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|De Havilland Canada DHC-6]], [[Zivko Edge 540]].

[[De Havilland Mosquito]], Messerschmitt Bf109G, [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]].

==== Challenging ====
[[Piper PA34-200T Seneca II|Piper Seneca II]], [[Cessna 337G Skymaster|Cessna 337]], [[Antonov An-2]]: keep an eye on your Exhaust Gas Temperature and Cylinder Head Temperature. If you can't lean your mixture, you lose.

Cessna 172, PA-28 or DR-400 with 180hp engines and a light load; [[Cessna 182S]]; Cap 10b. Slower than the above and will require just as much concentration from you, for a longer time.

[[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]], [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86F Sabre]], [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Warthog]]: make high-speed, steep turns while finding your way. Don't black out!

==== Difficult ====
[[JT-5B|JT-5B autogyro]], [[Piper J3 Cub|Piper Super Cub 150hp]]: the Paro challenge takes well over an hour of intense concentration in these unstable aircraft.

Cessna 172, PA-28 or DR-400 with low-power (160hp) engines. You will need to circle several times in the valley during the climb. If you can't lean your mixture, you lose.

[[Boeing 707]], [[Boeing 757-200|757]], [[Tupolev Tu-154B|Tupolev 154]], [[Lockheed Constellation]] if lightly loaded; [[Cessna Citation X]]: Finding your way in these faster aircraft is a challenge. The U-turns before the steep climb are almost impossible without taking shortcuts. The final approach without seeing the runway requires you to control your speed, flaps and landing gear well in advance.

==== Impossible (but you might try to beat them anyway) ====
[[Piper J3 Cub|Piper Cub 65hp]] (cannot climb over 7000ft when fully loaded).

[[Boeing 737-300]] (poor low-speed handling), [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner|787]] (bank limiter).

[[Dassault Mirage 2000-5|Mirage 2000]], [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14B]], [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]: will either stall or black you out during the sharp turns.

=Africa=
==Ngorngoro==
For this [[VFR]] trip we need a strong machine since we will go up from 4000 to about 10,000 feet and since we are in Africa, Tanzania , what better choice is there as the Cessna 208 Caravan, on wheels. We will take off from HTLM, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manyara Lake Manyara], runway 12 (124.5 deg), that has an elevation of 4150 feet. Hit Shift-B so we don't drop off the runway.
[[File:Map Ngorngoro Crater.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Heightmap with visual reference points]]
We will have to change some settings before we take off. There is no snow where we are so: View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5000M). We need a reasonable clear sky since there are quite a few bumps we could hit: Environment=> Global weather=> METAR source=> Fair weather.

Give full throttle and take off. Bank left and make a full circle so we gain some altitude and make a mental note of the airstrip, since this is the only one nearby. Look at the road West towards the airfield.
You will notice that the airstrip is at the edge of a mountain ridge, the lake to the East is quite a lot lower.

We pass over the airstrip towards lake Manyara and turn left keeping the mountains close to our left side, on an initial course of about 30 deg. We keep the mountains to our left and follow our path, our heading will slowly go from 30 to North and takes about 15 mins. During our path we should slowly gain altitude.
[[File:Ol Doinyo Lengai.jpg|thumb|250px|Mt.Kerimasi (left), Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai (ahead)]]
On the '''image''' we see two distinct mountains. The nearest is Mt.Kerimasi, a fun place for hang-gliders, and North Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai, an active volcano. We are heading straight towards [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai]. Just before we would collide we take a sharp left turn heading 225. You will see why we need the altitude now.

The mountain ahead, [http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00161.html#id03702 Mt.Embagai], we see does not appear to be anything spectacular. Aim towards it since we have to go over it.
Coming nearer, if you are high enough, 9000 feet, you will see why this mountain is well worth a visit. It is a crater with a lake inside, lake Embagai (Empakaai). Enter the crater and look around, careful not to loose any height since we'll have to get out again, we need about 10 000 feet. Mesmerized we grab our compass and take a course of 225 again. To get out we might skim against a cloud, be careful. If you don't see a way out take a turn again to wait for the clouds to move out of sight.

After you managed to get out of the crater keep on the course of 225 while descending slowly for about 9 mins. There are some bumps to avoid, like Mt.Olmoti we keep to the right and Mt.Losirua on the left.

After a small hill we enter one of the most amazing places in Africa, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area Ngorngoro Crater], the second biggest crater in the world. A micro climate and amazing wildlife.
Examine the crater and you will notice two lakes, head towards the biggest lake, lake Magadi. When you are above it take a course of 123 to get out of the crater.

After leaving the crater it takes some time before we are near the airstrip again. After about 5 mins we will see a river (left) and a road (right). Follow the road since it will lead us to the airstrip again.

Don't scare the wildebeast!

Notecard:
<tt>
#Fair weather, no snow
#HTLM RW 12 4150 feet
#Course 30 to 0 deg 15 mins, mountains close left
#Head towards /\volcano
#Sharp left turn course 225 deg altitude 9000 feet
#Volcano, lake, 10 000 feet
#Course 225 deg, slow descend 9 min
#Large lake, course 123 deg 5 mins
#River left, road right. Follow road
#Landing 124.5 deg 4150 feet.</tt>

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].
==Kisimayu to Kilimanjaro==
We have to take a big airliner for this trip. The runways are long enough but for this trip we need some altitude and a slow descend.

We park our Big Bird at HCMK, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismayo_Airport Kisimayu], Somalia, near the East coast of Africa. It's unsure what this airfield is used for but it's a long piece of tarmac. I could not find regular flights to and from this airfield, not so strange, there is no lighting, no radio beacons and... no fuel. What you can find is Global Air Rescue that has an air ambulance service based here (with a [http://www.globalairrescue.com/learjet-35.php Learjet 35]).

Our route will be around 425 nm in length. You know your aircraft and know what altitude you will need to fly.

Our destination, HTKJ, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_International_Airport Kilimanjaro], Tanzania, has only one ILS and I have learned, if an airfield has only one ILS there is probably a reason.

Flight Plan (short version):
#HCMK Kisimayu, length 12,177 ft, no navaids near.
#GAR Garissa [[VOR-DME]] freq 115.7 heading 268° dist 169 nm.
#KB Kilimanjaro [[NDB]] freq 393.0 heading 224° dist 258 nm, here is the holding pattern for the Kilimanjaro runway (and there is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro 19,000 ft] reason for this detour).
#KV Kilimanjaro VOR-DME freq 115.3 heading 70° dist 26 nm.
#HTKJ Kilimanjaro [[ILS]] freq 110.9 runway heading 88° elev 2,900 ft [[AMSL]] length 11,807 ft.

Prepare your flight well to receive amazing views of the landscape during the final steps of the route, if you don't you will discover why some pilots call Kilimanjaro Kill-You-Manjaro.

{{#ev:youtube | KCJi_ZaR8ec}}
Youtube video: Kilimanjaro approach in real, in FG not much different.

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

=Australia and Oceania=

==Hawai'i==
[[Image:Maui03.jpg|thumb|250px]]
Do you use [[TerraSync]]? If so, try a flight around Hawaii! Take off from PHNL in a light aircraft and head west until you hit Pearl Harbor; a right turn north will take you post the USS Arizona Memorial, and the Punchbowl Crater will be to your right. Or, fly east from PHNL past volcanic craters Diamond Head and Koko Head. If you follow the O'ahu coastline north from Koko Head, you can land at either old World War II airbase Bellows Field (now a wildlife reserve in real life) or at Keahole MCAS.

For a potentially more scenic route, fly east toward Molokai, and stay to the north (left) of the island. The northern part of Molokai features huge sea cliffs and a tiny airstrip on the Kalaupapa peninsula - the peninsula being the only respite from the cliffs. A former leper colony existed near the airstrip!

Also of interest are the volcanoes on Maui and the 'Big Island' of Hawai'i - flying VFR in a small plane from PHTO to PHKO over the plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa can be a challenge, as you have to take off from sea level, fly through a pass of 6500 feet, and then drop back down to sea level to land! The Hana coast of northern Maui is also a nice flight - a circumnavigation of Haleakala, starting and ending at PHOG, is quite a nice flight.

The islands will be available through the download center with the next major scenery release, but for now, fire up [[TerraSync]] and your favorite VFR aircraft and have a blast.
*By [[User:Statto|Statto]].

== Hawai'i waterfalls tour ==
This flight will let you discover some of the famous Hawai'ian waterfalls, visiting the Islands of Kauai and Oahu.
{{note| Despite the scenery is very nice, the waterfalls are mostly not modeled (as of 5/2024)}}

* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=21.82733715471215,-158.96200561400335&chart=301&zoom=5&fpl=%20PHBK%202211N15938W%202206N15930W%202204N15925W%20LIH%202135N15817W%202138N15802W%202120N15746W%202116N15748W%20PHNL SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip except the VORTAC LIH 113.500 to cross the sea.
* Trip takes around 90 minutes air time at 110 KTAS.

First part of the trip:
* Start at Parking sands (PHBK), runway 34
* Takeoff, climb to 5000ft and follow the northern coast at about a heading of 030° until you reach Crawlers Ledge (about 8 minutes flight time).
* Turn southeast into the very dominant embayment and watch out for Hanakoa Falls, our first waterfall to visit.
* To your left should be a very dominant valley behind the ridge, featuring a river. Now climb to 6000ft and follow that valley southeastish and visit the famous Weeping wall waterfalls behind the ridge at the end of the valley.
* Bank left slightly (~100° heading), descend to 3000 ft and aim for Wailua waterfalls at the south side of the small hill near the coast (between the two towns).

This concludes the islands waterfalls after about 20 minutes flight.

Now either land at Lihue Airport (PHLI) to your right for a break, or continue the trip and intercept VORTAC LIH 113.500 radial 99/TO. Follow the radial to cross the Kauai Channel until you reach the tip of Oahu Island (the crossing of 63NM takes about 30 minutes at 120 knots. You may also opt to skip and start at PHDH).

* Follow overfly Kawaihapai Airfield (PHDH) and follow the northern coast.
* Shortly you will ovefly a prominent bend from east to nothertheast in the coast, still follow the coast. Note the windfarm appearing to your right ahead.
* Over Waimea (just before the very visible sand beach), turn right and fly to the inland behind (north of) the windfarm. Shortly after passing the wind turbines, look out for Waimea waterfalls.
* Follow the mountains to the southeast of the island and slowly climb to 4000ft (the left side is more rough and scenic).
* North of Diamond Head (a big crater at the south tip of the island) there are several waterfalls (roughly in the middle between Diamond head in the south and Kaneohe in the north), as well as very nice streams coming down the ridge. Also the north side of the ridge is very nice, so consider doing a circle over there.
* Continue south over Diamond head and proceed to land at Honolulu airport (PHNL).

This concludes the trip after about 1:30 hours.

==Brisbane International Airport to Sydney International Airport==
Going from Brisbane International Airport to Sydney International Airport. You should have a heading of about 203. Might take sometime to arrive to this section. Maybe 10-30 mins into the flight. Can't really say but don't give up, you will eventually reach this section of the flight. '''''Your eyes will be rewarded!''''' .

[[Image:Fgfs-screen-020.png|200px]]
[[Image:Fgfs-screen-016.png|200px]]
[[Image:Fgfs-screen-012.png|200px]]
*By [[User:Vin|Vin]]

=Antarctica=
{{Suggested}}

[[Category:Lists]]

Suggested Flights

2026-08-03T19:59:54Z

Sierra:

[[FlightGear]] has accurate and realistic terrain. Here are some interesting places where you can do virtual sight seeing.

If you are starting with [[FlightGear Qt launcher|launcher]], you can enter the [[airport]] id and select the runway on the appropriate screen in the Location panel.
If you are starting from the command line you can use the options: <tt>--airport=ABCD</tt> and <tt>--runway=12L</tt>.

*Remember to give a look at the [[Suggested Airports]] page, where you can find a comprehensive list of high quality airports in FlightGear.
*If you enjoy these flights, please consider recording a flight and posting a link to it at the [[Suggested Prerecorded Flights]] page.

p.s. charts are generated using FlightGear data only.

This page includes the flights described on the [https://www.flightgear.org/ main website] and the suggested flights from the newsletters. It can serve as an archive for suggested flights from future [[FlightGear Newsletter|newsletters]] or can give a flight if creativity is low that month.

{{TOC limit|3}}

=Cross Continentals or World Tour=

* [[Breitling DC-3 World Tour]][[File:Rect17.png|thumbnail]]
* [[Flying the Hump]]

=North America=
==Round Valley Airport==
[[Image:O09-002.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:O09-003.png|thumb|right|Valley]]
Covalis, CA. The airport is at the West edge of a 7 mile across valley.<BR/>
The predominant wind is a cross wind. Take-offs to the west (if they use the full runway length) often have to fly between 2 small hills and over another valley while gaining altitude. Most pilots take off to the west.<BR/>
It is a paved runway and quite long. It was designated as an emergency recovery field during the Cold War and was used twice that I know of by military aircraft that could not take off again from the field.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
{{Location map | USA
| caption = Latitude: 39.790156 Longitude: -123.266403
| lat_deg = 39.790156
| lon_deg = -123.266403
}}

* O09 - Round valley - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/O09.pdf chart]

===Suggested aircraft===
I have tried this trip using a p38, quite powerful airplane
* [[Lockheed-P38|P38]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=O09 --runway=28 --aircraft=p38
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Half Moon Bay==
[[Image:KHAF-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:KHAF-002.png|thumb|right|Bridge]]
Start at Half Moon Bay, Runway 30, with 32km visibility; Takeoff in the C172 and climb to 1000 feet, then continue north over the water, near the shoreline. Look out the right window frequently. Fly up the coast, overfly the Golden Gate Bridge, continue around the top of the peninsula past downtown SF, then fly on to [[KSFO]] for a landing. We now have lots to see.

If you cannot see the runway in the default 172, you must be flying too high or too slowly. You can start by practicing a bit with a good setup:

'''fgfs --offset-distance=1.5 --altitude=500 --vc=70'''

As soon as FlightGear starts, cut the power to 1500 rpm and drop two notches of flap. Maintain 70 kt. Now, pick your landing spot (a bit down the runway) and try to hold it in the same spot on your windshield. If your landing spot starts moving down, you are too high, and should cut another 100 rpm; if it starts moving up, you are too low, and should add another 100 rpm. Adjust the nose to keep your speed at 70 kt all the way down until you're right above the numbers, then cut power to idle, drop the last notch of flaps, flare, and land.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:KHAF-003.png|thumb|left|surroundings]]
[[Image:World-KHAF.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.513333 Longitude: -122.501111]]
* KHAF - Half Moon Bay - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KHAF.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KSFO-001.png|thumb|left|Before landing]]
Use the default c172 airplane
* [[Cessna C172P]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KHAF --runway=30 --visibility=32000 --aircraft=c172
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Author===
[[User:Hellosimon|Hellosimon]], format and extended by [[User:Francescobrisa|Francescobrisa]].

==Hell's Canyon==
[[Image:25U-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:25U-004.png|thumb|right|Valley]]
Hell's Canyon, Imnaha, OR. This airport is located just west of "Hell's Canyon National Park" which has the Snake River running through it.<br/>
Supposedly it's a 5500 foot drop from the top of the canyon to the river.<BR/>
The airport is located on the brink of this canyon.

See the remarks on the airport page (click on the airport id) ... DOWNDRAFTS, SHEER DROP IN TERRAIN, LIVESTOCK, etc. Don't go here on your first solo x-country. :-)
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:25U-005.png|thumb|left|Landing]]
[[Image:World-25U.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 45.427861 Longitude: -116.693889]]
* 25U - Round valley - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/25U.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:25U-006.png|thumb|left|Landing 2]]
I have tried this trip using a pilatus PC-9M, powerful airplane
* [[PC-9M|PC-9M]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=25U --aircraft=PC-9M
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Crater Lake National Park Tour==
[[Image:64s-003.png|thumb|left|Approaching the lake]]
[[Image:64s-002.png|thumb|right|Direction 40 degrees]]
Prospect, OR.<br/>

Take off and fly at a heading of about 40 degrees until you cross the first distinct ridge in front of you. (several minutes of flight in the navion ... just climb as fast as you can, it will be a close squeek to get over :-)<br/>

Once you clear the ridge and can see beyond it, turn right and fly a heading of about 70 degrees. You should see two shallow peaks off in the distance. Head right between these -- they are the two sides of the crater. As you get closer the shape of the crater will come into view. There's a lake there in real life, hopefully it will be there in flight gear too before long.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:64s-001.png|thumb|left|Leaving the 64S airfield]]
[[Image:World-64S.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 42.743183 Longitude: -122.488092]]
* 64S - Prospect State - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/64S.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:64s-004.png|thumb|left|Lake view 1]]
[[Image:64s-005.png|thumb|right|Lake view 2]]

* [[Ryan_Navion|Navion]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=64S --runway=02 --aircraft=navion
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Grand Canyon Tour==
[[Image:Grand_Canyon_Tour_4.jpg|700px|frameless|center]]
Being a special place, there are also special flight rules for VFR traffic around the Grand Canyon. There are multiple no-fly-zones set up and VFR traffic is only allowed to fly via the designated corridors. If you want to fly realistically, avoid these zones in FlightGear as well, following for example the [https://skyvector.com/?ll=36.18649251415492,-112.52223157994264&chart=230&zoom=5&fpl=%20KGCN%20VPGCF%20VPGCG%20VPGCD%20VPGCC%20VPGCA%203608N11252W%203609N11309W%201Z1%201G4%203AZ5 route shown here. (skyvector link)]

This flight takes you from KGCN, the Grand Canyon National Park airport, to 3AZ5, a small airfield called Hualapai located south of the Grand Canyon. Departing from KGCN, fly north-west bound to reach the canyon. From there, either follow the route shown on skyvector above, or fly visually through the canyon westbound towards 1Z1, Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip. From there on, continue flying westward to 1G4. Called Grand Canyon West, 1G4 also marks about the western end of the canyon. To get to your destination 3AZ5, continue along the southern rim, flying eastward now. Shortly after leaving the breathtaking valley behind you, you will already reach your destination. Land and let your engine and your mind cool down from the special views :)

===Gallery===
<gallery>
Grand_Canyon_Tour_2.jpg
Grand_Canyon_Tour_3.jpg
Grand_Canyon_Tour_1.jpg
</gallery>

===Airports===
* KGCN - Grand Canyon National Park Airport - [https://www.aopa.org/destinations/airports/KGCN/details aopa.org]
* 1Z1 - Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/1Z1 airnav.com]
* 1G4 - Grand Canyon West - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/1G4 airnav.com]
* 3AZ5 - Hualapai - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/3AZ5 airnav.com]

===Suggested aircraft===
Most VFR aircraft with sufficiently big windows will serve the purpose, for example:
*[[Cessna C172P]]
*Optica
*[[Ryan_Navion]]
If you are more interested in flying helicopters, the [[Eurocopter EC130 B4]] with the Grand Canyon Helicopters livery might be for you.

===Links===
*[https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/upload/sfra.pdf Chart of the Grand Canyon special airspace, published by the National Park Service]
*[http://www.swaviator.com/html/issueJJ99/canyon.html An article about flying close to the Grand Canyon]
*[https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/april/flight-training-magazine/road-trip-grand-canyon AOPA Flight suggestion]

==Ranger Creek Airport==
[[File:21w-1.jpg|500px|center|Waiting for departure at Ranger Creek]]
Ranger Creek Airport is located in Greenwater, Washington, USA. Being wedged into the bottom of a steep canyon, you'll definitely need to be on your toes to get in and out of there. Switch on Advanced Weather and Live Data to experience what the winds can do to you in real life!
===Airports and coordinates===
* 21W - Ranger Creek - [http://www.airnav.com/airport/21W airnav.com]
===Gallery===
<gallery>
Ranger_Creek1.jpg|Departing between the mountains
Ranger_Creek_2.jpg|Looking back towards the airfield
Ranger_Creek_3.jpg|Downwind for approach back to Ranger Creek
</gallery>
===Suggested aircraft===
For this flight, the Piper PA-18 SuperCub is suggested, this is included in the [[Piper J3 Cub]] package

==Mount Rainier Tour==
[[Image:WA20-002.png|thumb|left|The mountain from far away]]
[[Image:WA20-006.png|thumb|right|external view]]
Eatonville, WA. Start out at Swanson Airport in Eatonville, WA. Take off and fly a heading of about 90 degrees. You will need to fly for 5-10 minutes before the mountain comes into view. Be patient if you don't see it right away, it will dwarf everything in it's vicinity.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-WA20.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 46.87588502 Longitude: -122.25733500]]

* WA20 - Swanson - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/WA20.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:WA20-007.png|thumb|left|external near view]]
[[Image:WA20-009.png|thumb|right|external near view]]
* [[mosquito]]

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=WA20 --aircraft=mosquito
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Death Valley Tour==
[[Image:L06-001.png|thumb|left|in the air]]
[[Image:Furnace-creek.jpg|thumb|left|real life view of Furnace Creek Airfield]]
[[Image:L06-002.png|thumb|right|in the air]]
Furnace Creek, CA. This starts you right in the middle of Death Valley which runs north & south. If you head south about 15 miles you'll hit the lowest point in the USA, 282 feet (86 meters) below sea level.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-L06.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 36.46451100 Longitude: -116.88139422]]
* L06 - Furnace Creek - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/L06.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:L06-003.png|thumb|left|in the air]]
[[Image:L06-004.png|thumb|right|in the air]]
* [[rallye-MS893]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=L06 --aircraft=rallye-MS893
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Utah==
!!! Work in progress !!!<BR/>

Escalante Muni Airport, Escalante, UT. This airport is east and a bit north of Bryce Canyon National park. If you head mostly south and a bit east you'll eventually hit the Grand Canyon. It is sandwiched between the Dixie National forest to the north and the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument to the south. There should be interesting stuff to see no matter which direction you head.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-1L7.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.75054400 Longitude: -111.57578300]]
* 1L7 - Escalante Muni - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/1L7.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=1L7 --aircraft=pa18
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Lake County Airport (CO)==
[[Image:KLXV-001.png|thumb|left|Adjust mixture !]]
[[Image:KLXV-002.png|thumb|right|The terrain will be covered by snow]]
Lake County Airport, Leadville, CO. This airport is at an elevation of 9927 making it a bit of a challenge to get into and out of with a standard C172.<BR/>
Make sure you lean out your engine before taking off and read up on density altitude before you try this one in real life.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:KLXV-003.png|thumb|left|The airport]]
[[Image:World-KLXV.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 39.22812500 Longitude: -106.31835600]]
* KLXV - Lake Co - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KLXV.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KLXV-004.png|thumb|left|I like this panorama]]
[[Image:KLXV-005.png|thumb|right|The nearby lake]]
* [[Cessna C172P]]

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
[[Image:KLXV-006.png|thumb|left|Landing...]]
fgfs --airport=KLXV --aircraft=c172p
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Caribbean - Saint Martin and St. Kitts==
[[Image:TNCM-003.png|thumb|left|just after the take off]]
[[Image:TNCM-004.png|thumb|right|some nearby island]]
Pilots of the Caribbeans is an informal FlightGear community of users who fly around the small Caribbean islands, many of which have custom scenery and improved landclass data. (For details see Pilots of the Caribbean)<BR/>

[[TNCM|Princess Juliana International Airport (TNCM)]] at the isle of Saint Martin, is one of the most popular airports in FlightGear. In large part due to the custom objects and land cover. However, St. Marten is only one of several detailed airports in the region - and, while the approach for TNCM is one of the most memorable in the whole world, the land cover for St. Kitts and Nevis makes it a lovely place to fly.

British Airways, US Airways and American Airlines, among others, all fly into St. Kitts' Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport (TKPK) in real life.

Take off from TKPK in a [[Piper_J3_Cub|Piper Cub]] and make a northward, clockwise circle of the island. Start your descent on the east side of the island, and focus on the small hill which separates the north from the south. Start hugging the coast near the beach and look to the west - as soon as the railroad heads to the southwest, you're about ready to turn for final. Make your right hand turn for final and taxi to the terminal.

If you want to fully explore this whole country, take off in a Beaver, which has a little more speed, and fly a figure eight. Take off from TKPK and circle the airport to the north like in the Cub. Then instead of landing, perform a touch-and-go and turn left over the boat terminal and make for the west coast of Nevis. Enjoy the beauty of the south coast of St. Kitts before circling Nevis. Over Nevis, you have several options - cut your flight short and land at [[TKPN]] on the island of Nevis, complete the "figure eight" by heading back to TKPK, or check your fuel and head east across the Caribbean to Antigua (which does not have custom land cover).
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-TNCM.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 18.040953 Longitude: -63.108900]]

* [[TNCM|TNCM - Princess Juliana International Airport]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TNCM.pdf chart]
* TKPK - Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TKPK.pdf chart]
* TKPN - Vance Winkworth Amory Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TKPN.pdf chart]
others interesting airports in the area:
* TFFF - Le Lamentin - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TFFF.pdf chart]
* [[MDPP|MDPP - Gregorio Luperon Intl]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/MDPP.pdf chart]
* TJSJ - Luis Munoz Marin Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TJSJ.pdf chart]
* FMEE - St Denis Gillot - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/FMEE.pdf chart]
* TFFG - Grand Case - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TFFG.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:TNCM-005.png|thumb|left|amazing]]
[[Image:TNCM-006.png|thumb|right|landing]]
* [[Piper_J3_Cub|Piper Cub]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=TKPK --aircraft=Cub
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Author===
By [[User:Statto|Statto]], format and extended by [[User:Francescobrisa|Francescobrisa]].

==Friedman Memorial Airport (Idaho)==
[[Image:KSUN-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:KSUN-002.png|thumb|right|nearby]]
Friedman Memorial Airport, Hailey, Idaho. This airport is nestled in a valley surrounded by significant terrain. It's one that shows up quite often in accident investigations.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-KSUN.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 43.51223900 Longitude: -114.30376100]]
* KSUN - Friedman Mem - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KSUN.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KSUN-003.png|thumb|left|landing]]
[[Image:KSUN-004.png|thumb|right|landing]]
* [[FK9MK2]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KSUN --aircraft=fk9mk2
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

== Wyoming - Grand Teton ==
Jackson Hole (KJAC) airport is located at around 6,400ft right next to the Teton range of mountains. The Tetons rise straight out of the plains, gaining over 5,000ft in 2 miles.

You will need the w120n40 scenery.

Tower frequency at KJAC is 118.07. Due to the high altitude, you will need to lean non-turbocharged piston aircraft before take-off. Don't forget that take-off distances will also be longer.

After take-off head to the North East. Grand Teton is the highest of the three peaks that rise straight from the flat-lands. Follow the line of mountains to the East, passing over Jenny Lake. After a couple of miles you will reach a huge lake. The large bulk of a mountain to the East is Mount Moran.

The Teton Mountain range is surprisingly thin - really just a string of mountains running SW-NE. Flying fast jets down the steep valleys is recommended.
* By [[User:Stuart|Stuart]].

== Virginia Eastern Shore, Chesapeake Bay-Bridge Tunnel Sightseeing ==
[[Image:KTGI-001.png|thumb|left|before take off]]
[[Image:KTGI-002.png|thumb|right|right after take off]]

Take a short VFR trip from Tangier Island to view the famous Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting Cape Charles to Cape Henry. Depart historic Tangier Island (KTGI) situated in the Chesapeake Bay and land at Norfolk International Airport (KORF), Norfolk, Virginia. The scenic character of the flight is enhanced by leaving the island at dusk. The flight is both scenic and challenging. Frequently, when flying with real weather, you will have a steady wind blowing across the bay. Starting out quiet Tangier and arriving at busy, glittering Norfolk International (KORF) gives the flight some contrast.

'''fgfs --airport=KTGI --runway=20 --timeofday=dusk'''

Before leaving Tangier: Set your altimeter to the prevailing barometric temperature. Set your communications radio to the Norfolk Intl. (KORF) ATIS frequency of 127.150 MHz to listen for weather reports in the destination area. Set your navigation radio to 112.20 MHz to pick up the Cape Charles (CCV) VOR. Set your heading bug to the runway heading, 200.

Takeoff straight, flying the runway heading. Climb to 2000ft and maintain.

Shortly, you should see the VOR assigned to NAV1 display receive a steady signal (the OFF flag will disappear). The DME should also settle down and display the distance to the Cape Charles VOR station. The flight to CCV will be about 26 nautical miles. As you fly, it will show your airspeed and time to arrival. It should take about ten minutes.

Turn the OBS knob until the VOR displays the TO flag and 190 degrees, the heading you should now turn to.

Fly south from Tangier, crossing an expanse of water, about ten miles until you see the Virginia Eastern Shore. You'll come upon the grass airstrip of Chance (VA89) a few minutes out from Tangier. Beyond are two flashing tower beacons. You may catch a glimpse of Weirwood/Kellam (W08) on the ocean shore, recognizable by two crossing dirt strips.

If you look carefully, you may see the little white building that is the Cape Charles VOR station. As you fly over VOR the flag will change from TO to FROM and the needle will deflect. Do not try to follow the needle. Wait until you are past the VOR. As you cross the VOR station, you should see a highway slanting across your path toward the south west. Turn to follow this highway. You'll come across a lone tower with beacon along the roadside. You'll see an access road stretching from the tower complex to the main road.

If the sky conditions permit, you may try your hand at wayfinding by following the road. If visiblity is poor, set the VOR to 180 degrees to parallel the road to the end of the peninsula. Or you can continue to fly outbound from the VOR on 190 by maintaining the same heading. The VOR needle should return to center with the FROM flag displaying. This will put you west of the bridge with a good view and the option to turn towards KORF near the initial approach fix. If you follow the highway you will need to overfly the airport, but if you stay on the 190 heading, you will be in a position to make a straight in landing.

As you fly down the peninsula you'll pass Cherrystone, Eagle's Nest, Scott and Bull Farm grass airstrips. Bull Farm is the last strip before the mouth of the Chesapeake. Just past Scott Farm you should see the first glimmer of the northern leg of the bridge. The grass strips can be very difficult to see.

As you reach the end of the peninsula, be careful to avoid the tower on Fisherman's Island at the north end of the north leg of the bridge (Note the bridge is not modeled by FlightGear...but I hope to work up one eventually). Next comes the north middle leg. Turn right a few degrees to follow the south middle leg. Watch as the deck plunges beneath the waves to allow ships to navigate the north and south channels.

As Cape Henry approaches, you'll see the Norfolk International airport to the right and the southern leg of the bridge touching the shore.

If you intend to land at KORF, you will want to start your approach soon. Otherwise, you may continue to follow the bridge to the end. Make the approach to KORF by contacting the tower for vectors. Or use the ILS.

This is a good flight to practice VOR flying on. It is a very straight flight path to the VOR requiring little adjustment and there are no other VORs in the area to confuse you.
*June 2006 by [[User:Sek|Sek]].

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-KTGI.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.8250835 Longitude: -75.9976665]]
* KTGI - Tangier Island - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KTGI.pdf chart]
* KORF - Norfolk International - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KORF.pdf chart]

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KTGI-003.png|thumb|left|surroundings]]
[[Image:KORF-001.png|thumb|right|landing to KORF]]
I have tried this trip using a Seneca II
* [[Piper PA34-200T Seneca II]]
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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KTGI --runway=20 --timeofday=dusk --aircraft=SenecaII
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==Prince George to Calgary Springbank==
A beautiful flight is from Prince George (CYXS), to Calgary Springbank (CYBW). Route created by reed, which can be seen at {{forum link|t=9772|text=the forums}}
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter November 2010]] By [[User:Cael|Cael]].
==Ketchikan to Juneau==
It's cold where we will go so dress up warm and if we are lucky we might see whales during our flight. Don't fly too high to enjoy the amazing views, and there is a small challenge at the end. The runways we will use are long enough for bigger aircraft (7000+). Total length of the trip will be around 245 NM. So, hop in the cockpit of your favourite airliner.

Alaska, here we come! Enjoy!
#Park your aircraft on PAKT, [http://www.borough.ketchikan.ak.us/airport/airport_history.htm Ketchikan International], runway 11. The wind is coming from '''South''', change the weather if needed (SE is ok too).
#Fly North towards [[NDB]] Fredericks Point on 372.0 for 94 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Five Fingers on 295.0 for 39 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Gustavus on 219.0 for 77 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Coghlan Island on 212.0 for 32 NM.
#Set the [[ILS]] on 109.9 and land your aircraft (after 4 NM) on PAJN, [http://www.juneau.org/airport/ Juneau International], runway 08.
If you feel warm after this landing, you just crossed a NORAD microwave site, so that is why.
*October 2011 by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]] [[FlightGear Newsletter November 2011]]
==Searching Wizard Island==
*USA, Oregon, Klamath County
With one [[VORTAC]] behind our back we do an [[IFR]]/[[VFR]] search of Wizard Island, a mysterious place, a sacred place for native Americans. You might even find the <tt>Old Man of the Lake</tt>.

Don't pull up the map, that would spoil the surprise but I promise '''unique views'''. We will land on a short lawn runway. Terrain [[altitude]] will range from 4,000 to a max of 8,930 feet and down again. Total length of the trip will be about 50 NM. Select your aircraft with care. It must have one working navigational radio (VOR-DME), a strong engine, a strong undercarriage, must be capable of a good climb and a steep descend. I suggest to use Fair weather (Environment=>Global Weather). If needed remove some clouds (View=>Rendering Options=>Slider 3d Clouds to the left).
[[File:Mount Scott.jpg|thumb|250 px|Mount Scott (8,929 feet) just after depart from 2S7 (Two Sierra Seven). Wizard Island is just to the North-West of it.]]
*Park your aircraft on 2S7 (Two Sierra Seven), Chiloguin-State.
*Set [[NAV1]] on 115.9 (Klamath Falls VORTAC) and on radial 323<sup>o</sup> (Magnetic). We are at an [[elevation]] of 4,217 feet. Set QNH. Set heading bug at 275<sup>o</sup> (Magn).
*Take off an fly the course set with the heading bug.
*Intercept the radial.
*Monitor distance and you will find Wizard Island at 50 NM from Klamath Falls. The island has an elevation of 6,673 feet. I suggest a full 360<sup>o</sup> turn, take pictures.
*Set radial 318<sup>o</sup>, keep the same frequency. Do a new radial intercept.
*Try and find the airstrip (3S6, Three Sierra Six, Toketee-State) at 71 NM from Klamath Falls with an elevation of 3,361 feet, runway heading 275<sup>o</sup> (Magn). There are bumps around you should avoid.
*If you are capable of finding the island, finding the airstrip and landing without a crash, in one go..., you are a wizard.

Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_Lake this link] '''after''' you have landed so you know what amazing landscape you have seen.

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

=South America=
==Southern Tip of Chile==
[[Image:Scgz-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:Scgz-004.png|thumb|right|Some part of the scenery]]
Gary Carvell: Here is a suggestion for the FlightGear Places to Fly page. I don't have any particular routes, just fly around and enjoy the gorgeous scenery.<BR/>
These three airports are in the same region of the very southern tip of Argentina. This area is a scenic wonderland - a maze of islands, mountains, and ocean channels. Hours of entertainment.<BR/>
SCGZ - Puerto Williams Guardiamarina Zanartu Airport, Chile Located on the north coast of Isla Navarino facing the Beagle Channel. At 55 deg S. longitude, Puerto Williams is considered the southernmost town in the world.<BR/>
SAWH - Ushuaia Islas Malvinas Airport
SAWO - Ushuaia Est Aeronaval Airport
Ushuaia, on the south coast of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, on the the Beagle Channel.
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===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:Sawh-004.png|thumb|left|Approaching Ushumaia Malvinas Argentinas]]
[[Image:World-scgz.png|thumb|right|Latitude: -54.931072 Longitude: -67.626261]]

* SCGZ - Guardiamarina Zanartu - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SCGZ.pdf chart]
* SAWH - Ushuaia Malvinas Argentinas - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SAWH.pdf chart]
* SAWO - Ushuaia Est Aeronaval - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SAWO.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:Scgz-002.png|thumb|left|Just left the scgz airport]]
I personally like to fly this area in the [[Consolidated_Aircraft_PBY_Catalina|Catalina]], it's a great sightseeing plane with the advantage that you can take off and land just about anywhere.
* [[Consolidated_Aircraft_PBY_Catalina|Catalina]]
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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=SCGZ --aircraft=Catalina
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==Copacabana to San Rafael over Lake Titicaca==
Bolivia to Peru. This trip will lead you over one of the highest and deepest lakes in the world towards the highest airfield in the world. It a demonstration of a [[IFR]] flight towards a fix and a demonstration how accurate FlightGear simulates air density and the effects it has on aircraft.
[[File:Slcc-sprf.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Flight and fix SLCC to SPRF]]
Place your aircraft on the airfield [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copacabana,_Bolivia SLCC, Copacabana], with an [[elevation]] of 12,592 feet. FlightGear will show snow all around you but that is not very realistic so let's clean up. View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5,000M).

We will fly towards and land at SPRF. If you would enter SLCC and SPRF in [[Kelpie]] planner you probably would not be able to find SPRF. To find SPRF I am adding an additional VOR-DME station and for a good fix give you another VOR-DME. Try Kelpie planner to plan this route and compare with this suggestion.

Equipment preparation. Set [[NAV1]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliaca Juliaca] VOR-DME on 155.55 with a radial of 311° (magnetic). Set [[NAV2]] to Arequipa VOR-DME on 113.7 with a radial of 212°. During our flight we will fly with [[true altitude]] as set with [[QNH]], keep QNH updated. Arm the autopilot with the [[heading bug]] at 311° and an initial altitude of 13,500 feet.

Take off and if you took the wrong RW pull up hard. Take a small tour over [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicaca lake Titicaca], see the floating islands and try to find the lost golden treasure. Intercept the nearest radial on NAV1 towards Juliaca (about 311°).

Just before Juliaca is a hill so while on lake Titicaca increase altitude to 14,200 feet, the [[VFR]] part of this trip is over. After passing Juliaca set the radial of NAV1 to 352° and set the altitude to 17,422 feet. We will fly from NAV1 and slowly increase altitude.

At a distance of about 60 NM set the heading bug on the current course. Monitor the distance to NAV1, the radial of NAV2 and the distance to NAV2. At a distance of 74.5 NM to NAV1, a distance of 140.7 NM and at the '''radial''' intercept of NAV2 should be the runway. So, from 60 NM onwards, look outside the window, then at NAV1 and then NAV2 etc.

If you are at 80NM to NAV1 you have missed the airfield but you still won't hit any hills (unless you bank left). Bank right and set the heading bug to 172°. Fly back towards NAV1 and intercept the radial 352° at about 50NM again to repeat the search.

The runway SPRF, San Rafael, has a elevation of 14,422 feet and a heading of 297°/ 117°. Our initial altitude has been set 3,000NM above the RW elevation. That should give sufficient room for navigation.

After you have seen the airfield set the radial of NAV1 to 297°, the heading of the runway (not the course to the runway) as a visual aid. Land on RW 30 (and not on RW 12 unless you are a show-off). Oh, there is a small hill in front of RW 30, just so you know.

Decreasing speed at this altitude can be a bit tricky. The air is thin and does not give much resistance. Next to that, the difference between [[indicated airspeed]] and [[ground speed]] is very noticeable. The ground speed is much higher as the indicated airspeed.

After a successful landing, try to discover the origin of the Amazon river since we are now at the starting point of that trip.
* By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

==Origin of the Amazon River==
[[Image:SPRF-001.png|thumb|left|high altitude]]
[[Image:SPRF-002.png|thumb|right|high altitude]]
Peru. For this [[IFR]] tour (with [[VFR]] parts) we take off from the highest airfield in the world to discover the origin of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River Amazon river] in South America. I promise spectacular mountains and valleys. The total length of this trip is about 175 NM.

Place your aircraft on the airfield SPRF, San Rafael. FlightGear will show snow all around you but that is not very realistic so let's clean up. View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5,000M).

Equipment preparation: Set [[NAV1]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa Arequipa] VOR-DME at 113.7 with a radial of 176° (magnetic). Set [[NAV2]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco Cusco] VOR-DME at 114.9 also with a radial of 176°.
Set [[QNH]] and during flight keep correcting it, it's a bad idea to use [[Pressure altitude]] during this flight. Set the [[heading bug]] to 250°. Arm the [[autopilot]] and set the initial [[altitude]] to 16,000 feet.

The airfield SPRF, San Rafael has an [[elevation]] of 14,422 feet. That altitude will cause problems during take-off. It takes a lot longer for the aircraft to gain sufficient speed for take-off, also the take-off speed that is needed is higher as you would expect. Perhaps an additional notch of flaps is needed.

Take-off, avoid the bumps (there are plenty) and fly a course of 250°. After about 80 NM you will fly over the radial of NAV1. Intercept the radial towards Arequipa. At a distance of 75 NM towards NAV1 you will have to increase altitude to 19,000 feet.

At a distance of 50 NM towards NAV1 and 118 NM from NAV2 you will see and cross over the mountain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_Mismi Nevado Mismi] with an altitude of 18,362 ft. The rains and water on the area to the right until Nevado Mismi will leave towards the Atlantic ocean through the Amazon river. Anything to the left and after Nevado Mismi will leave towards the Pacific ocean.

After Nevado Mismi you are tempted to descend. Don't. Just before the airfield is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachani Mt.Chachani] with an altitude of 19,872 feet and to the East is the active volcano [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Misti El Misti] with an altitude of 19,101 feet. You can either increase the altitude and fly over the airfield or keep the altitude, even descend and fly between the mountains, your choice depends on the visibility.

Fly using the heading bug and set NAV1 to [[ILS]] 109.7 with a radial of 93.2°. We will land at airfield [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ball%C3%B3n_International_Airport SPQU, Rodriguez ballon], that has an elevation of 8,405 feet. There is a reason this airfield has just one ILS. The area South-West of the airfield is below 11,405 feet and is safe to navigate.

Position the aircraft in front of the runway at an altitude of 11,405 feet, catch the [[glidescope]] at a distance of 9.5 NM and land your aircraft. After landing and parking your aircraft crawl into the tower to look around.

Happy flying!

* By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:SPQU-001.png|thumb|left|pre - landing]]
[[Image:World-SPRF.png|thumb|right|Latitude: -14.267 Longitude: -70.467]]
* SPRF - San Rafael - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SPRF.pdf chart]
* SPQU - Rodriguez Ballon - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SPQU.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:SPQU-002.png|thumb|right|landed]]
I recomend a powerful jet angine airplane, but not too heavy !
* [[Cessna 550 Citation II]]

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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=SPRF --aircraft=Citation-II
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=Middle East=
==Israel to Jordan over the Dead Sea==
[[Image:LLBS-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:LLBS-002.png|thumb|right|flat land]]
Dead Sea is the lowest water elevation on the Earth. Take off from the Beer-Sheva Teyman airport and head East-North-East. About half way there, after the southern Hebron mountains ridge, there'll be a sharp drop-off down to the Dead Sea --- the lowest exposed point on the Earth.<br/>
<br/>
It's really fun to descend and explore the beautiful coastline. In the real life, you wouldn't like to fly low over this water there of your own will --- while you don't need a life vest in the Dead Sea, the water is pretty caustic there for one's eyes. Once you're done marvelling the sights, continue on to the Queen Alia airport.
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===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:LLBS-006.png|thumb|left|landing in the dead sea, notice the altitude !]]
[[Image:OJAI-007.png|thumb|right|landing at Queen Alia Intl.]]
[[Image:World-LLBS.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 31.29037800 Longitude: 34.71922500]]
* LLBS - Teyman - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LLBS.pdf chart]
* OJAI - Queen Alia Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/OJAI.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:LLBS-003.png|thumb|left|approaching the dead sea]]
[[Image:LLBS-004.png|thumb|right|there is also a minor airport]]
* [[Albatross]]

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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LLBS --aircraft=Albatross
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=Europe=
==Edinburgh to Oban==
See article: [[Edinburgh to Oban]].

==Oban to Prestwick==
The west coast of Scotland offers some stunning scenery and a number of small airfields and airports to land at on both the mainland and the small islands the dot the coast. The distances between the various airfields are quite small, and some of the runways are on the short side, so STOL or GA aircraft are ideal. The tour suggested here follows part of a microlight trip I made this month, photos of which can be found [http://www.nanjika.co.uk/photos/gigha/ here].

Oban airport (EGEO) lies on the west coast of Scotland, and offers fuel (both AVGAS and AVTUR) and a North/South tarmac runway.

From Oban it is just a 10 minute flight west to the grass airfield of Glenforsa (EG45), on the north-east coast of the island of Mull. Due to the hills and water channel, this airfield often gets quite strange wind patterns - the weather can be perfect in Oban, but much gustier and windier at Glenforsa. At times the windsocks at either end of the runway can blow in completely opposite directions!

Some distance north of Oban lie the airfields of the Isle of Skye (EG57) and Plockton (EG81). This is an excellent place from which to explore the mountains of the Isle of Skye, known as the Cuilins.

Heading south from Oban, one can follow the coast to the island of Jura, with it's distinctive hills (The Paps of Jura). From Jura one can head south to the island of Islay with its numarous malt whisky distilleries (many of which are modelled in FG). Islay Airport (EGPI) has extensive runways. From Islay head north east to the tiny island of Gigha. Despite it's small size, it too has an airfield (EG44), though the FG version is tarmac rather than grass.

From Gigha head east over the Mull of Kintyre, to the hilly isle of Arran, then north east to the Isle of Bute. Both islands have very small grass airstrips, which are sadly not present in FG. From Bute you can head south east to Prestwick International (EGPK), famous for being the only place Elvis touched down in the UK, and a fine place to end our tour.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter July 2011]] by [[User:Stuart|Stuart]]

== Edinburgh to Dundee ==
Edinburgh Airport (EGPH) is located to the West of the city of Edinburgh and south of the Forth rail and road bridges. You'll need the w010n50 scenery and the latest set of objects from the scenery DB which include a number of models for the Edinburgh area.

From Edinburgh Airport, head north and circle the bridges, then follow the coast on the south eastwards past Edinburgh (watch out for the Castle!) and to East Lothian and Bass Rock - a volcanic plug in the sea that is host to thousands of sea-birds.

There are a number of sights in East Lothian, include a distillery.

If you wish to continue your tour, head back North, crossing the Firth of Forth to the Kingdom of Fife. Head approximated North West, tracking towards the Perth VOR (110.4). There is an airport here (Perth Scone, EGPT), but instead we will now track out on the 090 radial and pick up the ILS to Dundee Airport (108.10) landing beside the sea.
* September 2006 by [[User:Stuart|Stuart]].

==Austrian alps soaring==
Discover the Austrian alps with a glider. [[Pinzgauer Spaziergang]]

== Sightseeing the Alps in a C172 ==
This tour will guide you to many of the most famous mountains, valleys, glaciers, snowfields, winter and summer vacation areas, etc. in the European Alps. In addition there are several hints to visit nearby areas of interest. On the tour you will visit Switzerland, Italy and France.
See the detailed description in: http://www.emmerich-j.de/FGFS/Alp-flying.pdf (mirrored to https://beni.hallinger.org/fgfs.nobackup/Alp-Tour-Jomo/)
*February 2011 by [[User:Jomo|Jomo &dagger;]].;

* The scenic trip does take about 2 hours.
* Skyvector route: https://skyvector.com/?ll=46.464097146192884,7.159790050777061&chart=301&zoom=6&fpl=%20LSZC%204700N00836E%204647N00840E%204642N00836E%204637N00835E%204634N00823E%204634N00812E%204633N00809E%204634N00805E%204634N00801E%204631N00803E%204624N00746E%204619N00745E%204618N00753E%204614N00752E%204612N00749E%204609N00747E%204603N00746E%204601N00745E%204600N00738E%204555N00724E%204555N00712E%204553N00703E%204547N00652E%204549N00649E%204604N00634E%20LSGG

== Salzburg to Zell am See via Hallstatt ==
[[File:LOWS-LOGO-LOWZ.jpg|thumb|The route for Salzburg to Zell am See via Hallstatt]]
This flight will bring you around a very scenic region of the austrian alps.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.5666119817603,13.107925427128999&chart=301&zoom=3&fpl=N0100A040%20LOWS%204735N01311E%204736N01339E%204733N01340E%204733N01343E%204735N01343E%204738N01355E%204727N01357E%20LOWZ SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip.
* Trip takes around 1 hr. air time at 120 KTAS.
* Fly at an altitude of about 4000ft or so (the entire trip can be done at that altitude safely).

* Start ''Salzburg (LOWS)''; follow the Autobahn in the valley to the southeast until you reach the fork at ''Golling''. To the south you see the Mountains of the ''Tennengebirge''.
* Alternatively (and I recommned that), you can also deviate sothwest around ''Mt. Untersberg'' (1972m, hosting germanys longest and deepest cave, the ''Riesending'') to visit lake ''Königsee'' and watch the peaks of the ''Steinernes Meer'' (the dominant and very famous ''Mt. Watzmann'', 2713m!) and north side of the ''Mt. Hochkönig''. You need to climb to at least 6200ft to cross the final ridge at the end of the lake valley. After crossing, descend to 4000ft, follow the valley and fly north at the next valley to rejoin the route.
* Turn east and follow the valley and hills, aim for a prominent V-shaped incision at the end. Fly through there and you suddenly break out at the lake ''Hallstätter See'', a fjord-like lake 125m deep.
* Follow the ''Hallstätter See'' to the south, on its western shore is the famous town of ''Hallstatt''. At the mountain to your right (north of Hallstatt) is a very old settlement dating back to the late bronce age (Hallstattzeit, c. 800–450 BC) and there was a very important Salt mine dating back to that time and important archeological grave findings.
Looking south you can see the ''Dachstein'' (2995 m), a high peak hosting the ''Hirlatzhöhle'', with 120km the twentiest longest and with 1560m sixth deepest cave of planet earth.
* Follow the valley east bend to ''Obertraun'', and then north over the ''Koppenpass'' and the town of ''Bad Aussee''.
* From ''Bad Aussee'', fly straight to the lakes ''Grundlsee'' and ''Toplitzsee'' (you can't see the latter yet).
* Between the two, turn southwards and aim for the reservoir lake ''Salza'' which is in the sharp incision you can see to the south.
* After passing the reservoir, you may try to get down to ''Niederoblarn'' (LOGO) to the southeast, it's a short airfield.
* From there, follow the railway in the valley of Enns westwards, LOWZ is about 20 minutes away. On your right side watch out for the other side of the ''Dachstein'' and the town of ''Schladming'', which lies down in the valley next the rocky hills with the river flowing trough. Look for the railway and the river Enns.
* Behind ''Schladming'' (south of Mt. ''Dachstein'', approximately halfway of the distance LOGO/LOWZ) the valley will widen a bit again, featuring a rocky mountain in the middle of the valley. Continue to follow the railway and river bending nortwest arond the small mountain.
* Near the bigger town of ''Radstadt'' the valley will open significantly. Follow west, heading for the next town ''Altenmark'' at the end of the opening.
* The railway will bend north at ''Altenmark'' and soon join the Autobahn A10/E55. This is the point we need to go southwest and follow the next valley.
* The valley leads us westward to the Town of ''St. Johann/Pongau''. probably around the middle of the valley you can spot the prominent ''Mt. Hochkönig'' (2941m) northwest of ''St. Johann'' and the ''Tennengebirge'' to its right.
* Once reaching ''St. Johann'', continue to follow the next big valley west-southwest.
* After about 16 miles you will reach ''Zell am See'' (LOWZ) where we will land after around one hour flight time in total. Beware this is a short field.

== Zell am See to Innsbruck via Mt. Venediger ==
[[File:LOWZ-LOWI.jpg|thumb|The route for Zell am See to Innsbruck]]
This flight will bring you to two of the core peaks of the Alpenhauptkamm.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.201656734623775,12.160079968084839&chart=301&zoom=3&fpl=N0100A120%20LOWZ%20LOWZ%204708N01241E%204708N01221E%204706N01214E%204710N01152E%204724N01150E%20LOWI SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip.
* Trip takes around 45 minutes air time at 110 KTAS.
* Climb to at an altitude of about 10000ft or so after starting from [[:File:Lowz-parking.jpg|Zell am See]].

* After starting fly into the valley southwest over the town of ''Kaprun''. Maybe you need to circle a bit to gain altitude, near the mountains we need at least about 10000ft!
* Follow the valley until you overfly two lakes (''Stausee Wasserfallboden'' and ''Moorboden''). To your left you can see ''Mt. Großes Wiesbachhorn'' (3564m).
* The end of the valley goes over into a flank of the ''Großglockner'' which is near to the south. Follow the west bend of the valley end and fly over the lakes ''Tauernmoossee'' and ''Weißsee''. After you climb out of the valley, you already should see the peak of ''Mt. Venediger'' on the front left. Aim to the saddle right of its peak.
* You then fly that direction over several valleys that go from south to north, until you hit the very big valley that bend from south to west. The ridgeline right of that valley is the border between the Austrian states Tirol and Salzburg. Follow the valley up to the ''Venediger'', passing the ''Mt. Sandebentörl'' (2751m), still aiming for the saddle.
* Shortly after you reach the end of the valley and need to overfly the saddle with the glacier ''Venedigerkees'' behind it. The ridgeline is again the border between Tirol and Salzburg. Directly south of the ''Venedigerkees'' is the pyramid of ''Mt. Venediger''.
* Follow ''Venedigers'' ridge to the southwest, skip the first valley and overfly the next ridge.
* From here you can deviate into the valley north and visit the ''Krimmler Wasserfälle'', and from there west trough the main valley.
* If you instead follow the planned route westwards, aim to the peak of ''Mt. Zillerplattenspitze'' (3148m) with the small lake ''Eissee'' to its south flank which you should already see. This is a little hard to get right, but don't fly directly into the big valley but aim right to the second row mountain peaks at about 280 heading.
* Overfly the ridge with ''Eissee'' and follow the valley from there nothwest with the reservoir ''Zillergründl'' and ''Mt. Reichenspitze'' (3303m) to its right; until you reach the town ''Mayrhofen'' where the current valley meets the ''Zillertal'' valley. You also should start to descend now to about 3500ft with a rate of roughly -1000fpm.
* From ''Mayrhofen'' follow the ''Zillertal'' valley north and when reaching the ''Inntal'' valley near the town ''Jenbach'', Innsbruck Airport is a few minutes to the west. If you like, you can divert north at ''Jenbach'' to visit ''Achensee'', and even continue further north to land at Munich via lake ''Tegernsee'' or via the Isartal over ''Bad Tölz''.

== Crossing the alps ==
[[File:ED02-LIPB.jpg|thumb|The route for Fuessen to Bolzano]]
This trip brings us from germany via austria to italy, crossing the alps, visiting the famous castle Neuschwanstein and Mt. Zugspitze, germanys highest peak.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.068251080980836,10.959411633048108&chart=301&zoom=5&fpl=N01204735N01041E%204734N01045E%204729N01042E%204726N01046E%204724N01054E%204712N01054E%204704N01058E%204656N01103E%204655N01106E%204653N01109E%204650N01110E%204648N01113E%204638N01110E%20LIPB SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather and time (I suggest to start with the first light/sunrise).
* There are no helpful navaids for this trip, but Bolzano NDB: 362 BZO may serve as a final guidance.
* Trip takes around 45 minutes air time at 120 KTAS.

* Start at ED02 Fuessen, climb to about 3000 and head southeast to visit castle Neuschwanstein, south of the Forgensee.
* After looking at the castle (challenge: fly close around behind it), we start climbing to 3500 and aim southwestish and cross over from germany to austria.
* Fly into the big valley directing south. East of Reutte start climbing 500fpm to 6000 and follow the railway in the valley to the southeast.
* Once the valley opens significantly, you can see the famous mountain Zugspitze (germanys highest peak, 2962 m) to the front.
* Head southwards around the Mt. Gartnerwand over town Ehrwald and fly between the two small peaks over the Marienbergjoch mountain pass, 1789m/5870ft (between Mt. Wanning and Mt. Marienberg; challenge: who can make it with the least altitude?).

* After overflying the second mountain, to the south comes a new valley called Ötzal where you fly into.
* Follow that valley all the way to the south and slowly climb to at least 8600 now (300fpm or so). Note overflying Längenfelden, where the dominant valley joins from the east with the river Fischbach, halfaway the leg; this looks similar to the end, but isn't.
* Follow the valley until it starts to branch in all different directions at the end (over the town of Sölden and Zwieselstein).
* We follow the Southeast main branch and then turn quickly to a smaller valley branching off directly eastwards (look for the mountain pass road).
* That brings us to the mountain pass of the Timmelsjoch and is the place where we cross over to Italy.

* After passing, we can descend to 2500 or so, following the terrain. Follow the valley and its river "Passer" southeast, and follow its bend to the south.
* Follow the valley and make a nice turn around Mt. Kolbenspitze's east ridge, over San Leonardo, still following the Passer river now southwards.
* Where the valley hits the next big valley "Etschtal", is a bigger famous city called Merano. From there we follow the River Etsch and the Autobahn (highway) to the south and are soon approaching the somewhat hidden airport of Bolzano (LIPB) after an estimated time of somewhat under one hour at 120 knots.

From here you can also continue more to the south to Trento (LIDT, total FT ~1:00) or Verona (LIPX, total FT ~1:20) - just follow the river Etsch to the south! Venezia is also not far away, just ~30 minutes/62nm to the east of Verona.

== Aosta to Innsbruck with instrument approach ==
Depart from Aosta ('''LIMW''') and fly over the Alps to [[Innsbruck Airport|Innsbruck]] ('''LOWI'''), then perform an instrument approach. The final landing must always be visual. For this you will require a fast jet with not one but two working ADFs and one ILS, all to be used simultaneously! Not all aircraft meet these requirements; here is a selection:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Suggested planes
!Plane
!MTOW (t)
!Cockpit
!Wingspan (m)
|-
|707
|141
|Steam
|44.9
|-
|757-200
|116
|EFIS
|38
|-
|Tu-154b
|98
|Steam
|37.5
|-
|A320
|78
|Glass
|35.8
|-
|MD-87
|68
|Steam
|32.8
|-
|Super Constellation
|53
|Steam
|37
|-
|CRJ700
|33
|Glass
|23.2
|-
|An-24B
|21
|Steam
|29.2
|-
|Citation X
|16
|Glass
|19.4
|}
Larger planes are unsuitable for departure from Aosta (and will have trouble fitting on the apron) but are equipped for the instrument approach at Innsbruck; namely the 747-8, 777, MD-11 and 767. Even the 707 is a stretch; make sure it weighs less than 200k pounds or it won't be able to take off from the short runway at Aosta. Smaller planes can take off at maximum weight from Aosta.

* Take off, climb and maintain FL262. When above the mountains, turn to heading 050. Accelerate to Mach 0.8.

* While en route, set your radios as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|+Radio settings
!Radio
!Freq
!Beacon
!Course
|-
|ADF1 active
|413
|KTI
|
|-
|ADF1 standby
|420
|INN
|
|-
|ADF2 active
|313
|AB
|
|-
|ILS active
|109.7
|OEJ
|064
|}

* Set your [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_direction_finder#Radio_magnetic_indicator_(RMI) Radio Magnetic Indicator] to show both ADFs. This instrument is your best friend! With a glass cockpit, make sure to display both ADFs on your nav display, and I strongly recommend "CTR" mode where the nav display shows a full compass rose instead of just an arc.
* Turn to '''KTI''' (on your ADF1) as soon as the signal is stable. This happens long after '''AB''' is stable; both ADFs should now point in the same direction.
* Set your altimeter to the barometric pressure of Innsbruck airport.
* Descend and maintain 13100 ft. This is not a flight level.
* Reduce speed to 160 knots, extend flaps. Note that it takes a full minute to extend the flaps on the 747!
* When you pass '''KTI''', turn to heading 104 and intercept the ILS. Maintain altitude.
* As soon as you intercept the ILS, turn to 064, descend steeply and maintain 3900 ft. ''The ILS does not point to the runway''.
* During this steep descent, switch your ADF1 to '''INN''' (the standby frequency).
* Still following the ILS and descending, set course for '''AB''' on your ADF2. Watch your ADF1 ('''INN''') to triangulate your position in real time.
* When you pass '''AB''', turn steeply right to '''INN''' while maintaining speed and altitude.
* Immediately after your turn, you should see runway 26 on your 1 o'clock. If 26 is active, extend gear and go straight in.
* If 08 is active, proceed to '''INN''' instead, following your ADF1. When you pass '''INN''', turn right heading 260 while still maintaining speed and altitude. This is your downwind. Extend gear.
* When you cross the ILS for the second time, make a steep, descending U-turn to the right and land on 08. Airport elevation is 1900ft. You do have a radio altimeter, don't you?
* If your plane is lightly loaded, you may be able to exit the runway before the end. Otherwise, you have to do a U-turn at the end of the runway.

==Grenoble Le-Versoud==

[[Image:LFLG.jpg|800px]]

France : '''LFLG''' ( Grenoble Le-Versoud ) airport : border of Alps
*P.A.F. home base [http://equipe-flightgear.forumactif.com/ link]
*Scenery : http://clemaez.fr/flightgear/flightgearfrance_05062011.tar.gz
*Texture : http://clemaez.fr/flightgear/pattentextures_maj24082011.tar.gz

* Take-off from Grenoble le Versoud (LFLG). Head south following the general direction of the Alps. Bearing left (East) will take you into high alpine territory, while towards the West lie the plains of the Rhône valley. Once you reach the Mediterranean coast, follow it to land in Marseilles (LFML), Nice (LFMN), or another smaller airport serving the French Riviera.
*Published in [[Custom France Scenery]].

==Gulf of Finland sightseeing tour==
Take a VFR sightseeing tour over the Gulf of Finland from Helsinki to Tallinn! Estonia's landmarks are all recent additions, while Helsinki was one of the first cities to have original models in the scenery model database.

Take off from the smaller EFHF airfield in Helsinki, or try your luck fighting the virtual traffic at Vantaa, and head toward the port of Helsinki. Look for the Hartwall Arena, the Pasila tower, the railway station and the Olympic Stadium along the way. Make your way out over the Gulf flying just west of south - a heading of 190 should set you up nicely for a sightseeing tour of Tallinn. Try to come in from the west and do a sweeping left turn over the capital of Estonia, looking out for the Swissotel, Olympic Hotel, the Television tower, and other important landmarks in the capital city of Estonia. Make sure you look out for St. Olaf's Church, the tallest building in the capital city. Make your way over the Ulemiste Jarv (lake) to land on runway 09 at Tallinn's main airport.

If you desire, you can do a touch-and-go at Tallinn and set your course southeastward, landing at Tartu Airport, which is also modelled in FlightGear.

The distance between Helsinki and Tallinn is about 50 miles or 80 kilometres, while Tartu is twice the distance from Tallinn at 100 miles/160 kilometres. Fly a heading of 135 to get to Tartu from Tallinn.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter October 2010]] by [[User:Statto|Statto]].

==Azores==
[[Image:LPLA-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:LPLA-002.png|thumb|right|approaching island]]
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores Azores], set in the middle of the Atlantic ocean, has had many names. Fortunate Isles, the Blue Islands, the Islands of Tin and Silver, the Islands of the Seven Cities. We can add, the Islands of Amazing Sights and Flights.

Our flight is to celebrate the amazing views FlightGear can give us.

Start your plane at [[Lajes Field]] (LPLA). This once was an emergency landing site for the [[Space Shuttle]] so you will have plenty of room to take off.
We will have to fly an odd pattern. The reason for that: if you don't fly too high (stick around 3000 while you can) you will have some amazing views.

Next, fly towards and over LPPD. Look out the window and enjoy the view. Then head out towards LPHR. If you feel LPHR coming near, look out the window good, you might have to pull your plane up.

Happy flying!
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter August 2011]] by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:LPPD-001.png|thumb|left|over the island]]
[[Image:LPPD-002.png|thumb|right|landing]]

* [[LPLA|LPLA - Lajes Field]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LPLA.pdf chart]
* LPPD - Ponta del gada - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LPPD.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Suggested aircraft===
* [[Cessna 550 Citation II]]

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LPLA --aircraft=Citation-II
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
== Canary Islands Trip ==

An archipelago in the middle of the Atlantic sea, stunning beauty where you won't expect it. Seven islands, seven continents, thats what the canarian people say. And it's true, you will face seven totally different islands and nine different airports.
Take off from the largest one, GCLP, at the main island Gran Canaria. Leave the beautiful island heading to the west, and land at GCTS, the southern airport at Tenerife. Enjoy the view on Spains highest mountain, the glaciered Teide, when flying to La Gomera (GCGM), one of the greenest islands there. Master the short runway, and enjoy the view, before taking the challenge and approach El Hierro (GCHI). A short runway, with cliffs and rocks on both ends will cause you to sweat. From this island, which was claimed to be the western end of the world in medieval times, you'll turn to the beautiful and wild island of La Palma (GCLA). The next approach will be historical, because you are approaching the notorious Tenerife North (GCXO). Yes, I am serious, you will face that airport, where the worst civil plane crash ever took place. But you needn't worry, if you got that far, you will do this approach as easy as any other. The longest flight on your trip will take you to the eastern island, Lanzarote (GCRR). Take a look at the volcanic-red mountains, the vineyards, and the beaches. You want more beaches?? Depart to the south-west, fly over the small island of Los Lobos, and land in the holiday-paradise Fuerteventura. Enjoy dunes, bays, and very nice long beaches, before you finally touch down in Fuerteventura (GCFV). You want to stay? Okay, let's taxi to a parking position, and cut off the engines. If you still want more, fly back to Gran Canaria's GCLP, where we started our trip.

Custom scenery: [[Canary Islands Custom Scenery]] / direct source: https://github.com/D-ECHO/Canarys

=== Suggested Aircraft ===

* small civil aircraft, such as the Cessna Skylane, Skyhawk, or Citation
* small airliners, like the Q400, the ATR72, the CRJ200, or similar

Route by Flycanarias
<gallery></gallery>
==Gibraltar==
''This flight suggestion has originally been published in [[FlightGear Newsletter September 2011]] by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]''

Traffic lights turn red, gates are closed. The only busy main road to the peninsula is closed and all the cars and trucks are waiting patiently. Waiting for a train to pass? No. Waiting for a plane to pass since the main road crosses a busy runway.

On both sides water and being crossed by a busy main road can only be one runway: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Airport Gibraltar airport]!

One would expect an ILS installed on such a tricky runway but no, you will have to guess where it is and how far away it is. Not even an ADF points to it.

Take off from LEMG (Malaga). Go South-West and find the runway of LXGB somewhere to the right of the rock. '''Happy guessing!'''
===Airports===
*'''Departure Airport:''' Málaga/Costa del Sol (LEMG) - [https://aip.enaire.es/AIP/#LEMG Charts (AIP España)]
*'''Destination Airport:''' Gibraltar (LXGB) - [https://www.aidu.mod.uk/aip/pdf/ad/LXGB-Gibraltar-Combined.pdf Charts (UK MIL AIP)]

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200px">
File:LEMG-010.png|Take-Off at Malaga Airport, Costa del Sol
File:LEMG-011.png|Just after departure from Malaga (LEMG)
File:LEMG-013.png|Look for the Gibraltar Rock appearing in the distance
File:LEMG-015.png|On Approach to Gibraltar Airport (LXGB)
</gallery>

===Suggested aircraft===
* [[Piper Aerostar]]

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LEMG --aircraft=aerostar700 --adf1=300 --nav1=300:117.80
=Asia=
==Khorog, Tajikistan==
[[File:Fw190HinduKush.jpeg|left|thumb|Approaching a bank of snow-covered mountains in the south of the Hindu Kush]]
Surrounded by spectacular mountains and nestled in the end of a valley, Khorog Airfield (UT1C) makes an interesting place to land. It can only be approached by flying down the curved valley that snakes in from the North. Flying from here to OPCH (Chitral, Pakistan) at around 500ft AGL all the way is a wonderful way to explore the Hindu Kush mountains.

If you bring a piston engined aircraft, be prepared to adjust the mixture as you climb - at the highest point in the flight, you will be at around 22000ft. Also, don't forget to carry plenty of fuel - there are very few airfields in the Hindu Kush that exist in FlightGear. This is a scenery bug that will hopefully be fixed in the future.

*By[[User:Armchair Ace| Armchair Ace]].

== Central Karakoram range ==
Let's explore one of the highest regions of the planet - the central Karakoram with the densest concentration of mountains of 8000 m and above. We're going to need a good climbing performance for the trip - even the frozen plateau of Baltoro glacier, above which K2 and Gasherbrum V and VI loom, is more than 13,000 ft high.

[[File:Karakoram1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Circling Gasherbrum I]]

Take off from Skardu airport in Pakistan (OPSD). Skardu has a reasonably long (11,944 ft) runway at just 7,316 ft elevation, so you can take a jet, but for instance the [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|Twin Otter]] is more stylish.

South of Skardu lies Deosai park, a famous high plateau, but we turn initially east. There's a chain of lakes which is the Indus river. After about five miles, the Shigar river merges with the Indus. Turn slightly left and follow the Shigar, then follow it into a long and broad lake-filled valley stretching into north-western direction.

Towards the end of the lake, a small tributary river, the Braldu, turns eastward out of the main valley. Follow the Braldu and start climbing (if you haven't done so yet). About 15 miles after turning into the Braldu river valley, two glacier-filled valleys stretch to the north - admire the view!

[[File:Karakoram2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Heading back into Skardu, Nanga Parbat on the horizon]]

Passing a few lakes, you reach finally Baltoro glacier continuing the river valley stretching eastward. Ever climbing, follow the glacier till you reach some kind of T-junction. The glacier arm reaching north leads to K2 (which sadly isn't really there in Flightgear), but just ahead of you are the still rather impressive peaks of Gasherbrum V, VI and I - circle the range and make some pictures!

A good way back to Skardu is to go about 10 miles sourth from the Gasherbrum peaks, then head due west. To your west, you can see the long valleys fall away from the high ranges, to your right is the still glacier-covered high Karakoram. On a clear day (really good visibility selected) you can see the distinctive peak of Nanga Parbat appearing straight ahead on the horizon. The valley of Skardu is quite a distinctive feature and finding back VFR should not be a problem.

== The Paro Challenge ==
[[File:The Paro Challenge route.png|thumb|The route to follow in the maze of valleys between Hashimara Air Base (VE44) and Paro airport (VQPR). Created using OpenStreetMap and the Open Topo layer.]]
The challenge consists in flying as fast and as low as possible from Hashimara (VE44) to Paro (VQPR) while navigating a maze of valleys, steep climbs and sharp turns with only one VOR-DME beacon to guide you (it sits on a mountaintop south of Paro airport). You cannot fly on instruments; this is a 100% visual flight.

Spawn at VE44 (Hashimara Air Force Station). Take off in any direction then turn immediately to heading 013 while staying low. You will see the Himalayas appear on the horizon. Follow the valley as it turns 90° left then make a sharp U-turn (180°) to the right. Fly over the bridge, then U-turn left again (160°). Follow the valley and do another U-turn to the right. Take a deep breath for a couple of nautical miles. Climb to 8500ft while heading 080 to pass over the mountain range. Turn slightly to your right (heading 100) and do a steep dive to 4000ft into the valley. Turn left into the second valley (heading 010), which you will need to follow all the way to Paro airport (VQPR), while climbing slowly to the airport elevation of 7500ft. On the way to Paro, you will pass a monastery on your left. If you don't see this monastery, you've lost yourself in the maze; good luck! After this monastery, follow the valley to the left (heading 290), which will force you to turn right after a few nautical miles. The runway will be hidden behind a hill. You can pass over the hill (steep dive on the other side) or fly to the right of it (steep S-turns), your choice.

=== Suggested aircraft ===
The Paro Challenge is a challenge for most aircraft and most pilots. You will probably not succeed on your first attempt; and successive attempts with various aircraft will renew the challenge.

===== Easy =====
[[Cessna 550 Citation II]], [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|Pilatus PC-6]], [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|De Havilland Canada DHC-6]], [[Zivko Edge 540]].

[[De Havilland Mosquito]], Messerschmitt Bf109G, [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]].

==== Challenging ====
[[Piper PA34-200T Seneca II|Piper Seneca II]], [[Cessna 337G Skymaster|Cessna 337]], [[Antonov An-2]]: keep an eye on your Exhaust Gas Temperature and Cylinder Head Temperature. If you can't lean your mixture, you lose.

Cessna 172, PA-28 or DR-400 with 180hp engines and a light load; [[Cessna 182S]]; Cap 10b. Slower than the above and will require just as much concentration from you, for a longer time.

[[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]], [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86F Sabre]], [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Warthog]]: make high-speed, steep turns while finding your way. Don't black out!

==== Difficult ====
[[JT-5B|JT-5B autogyro]], [[Piper J3 Cub|Piper Super Cub 150hp]]: the Paro challenge takes well over an hour of intense concentration in these unstable aircraft.

Cessna 172, PA-28 or DR-400 with low-power (160hp) engines. You will need to circle several times in the valley during the climb. If you can't lean your mixture, you lose.

[[Boeing 707]], [[Boeing 757-200|757]], [[Tupolev Tu-154B|Tupolev 154]], [[Lockheed Constellation]] if lightly loaded; [[Cessna Citation X]]: Finding your way in these faster aircraft is a challenge. The U-turns before the steep climb are almost impossible without taking shortcuts. The final approach without seeing the runway requires you to control your speed, flaps and landing gear well in advance.

==== Impossible (but you might try to beat them anyway) ====
[[Piper J3 Cub|Piper Cub 65hp]] (cannot climb over 7000ft when fully loaded).

[[Boeing 737-300]] (poor low-speed handling), [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner|787]] (bank limiter).

[[Dassault Mirage 2000-5|Mirage 2000]], [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14B]], [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]: will either stall or black you out during the sharp turns.

=Africa=
==Ngorngoro==
For this [[VFR]] trip we need a strong machine since we will go up from 4000 to about 10,000 feet and since we are in Africa, Tanzania , what better choice is there as the Cessna 208 Caravan, on wheels. We will take off from HTLM, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manyara Lake Manyara], runway 12 (124.5 deg), that has an elevation of 4150 feet. Hit Shift-B so we don't drop off the runway.
[[File:Map Ngorngoro Crater.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Heightmap with visual reference points]]
We will have to change some settings before we take off. There is no snow where we are so: View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5000M). We need a reasonable clear sky since there are quite a few bumps we could hit: Environment=> Global weather=> METAR source=> Fair weather.

Give full throttle and take off. Bank left and make a full circle so we gain some altitude and make a mental note of the airstrip, since this is the only one nearby. Look at the road West towards the airfield.
You will notice that the airstrip is at the edge of a mountain ridge, the lake to the East is quite a lot lower.

We pass over the airstrip towards lake Manyara and turn left keeping the mountains close to our left side, on an initial course of about 30 deg. We keep the mountains to our left and follow our path, our heading will slowly go from 30 to North and takes about 15 mins. During our path we should slowly gain altitude.
[[File:Ol Doinyo Lengai.jpg|thumb|250px|Mt.Kerimasi (left), Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai (ahead)]]
On the '''image''' we see two distinct mountains. The nearest is Mt.Kerimasi, a fun place for hang-gliders, and North Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai, an active volcano. We are heading straight towards [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai]. Just before we would collide we take a sharp left turn heading 225. You will see why we need the altitude now.

The mountain ahead, [http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00161.html#id03702 Mt.Embagai], we see does not appear to be anything spectacular. Aim towards it since we have to go over it.
Coming nearer, if you are high enough, 9000 feet, you will see why this mountain is well worth a visit. It is a crater with a lake inside, lake Embagai (Empakaai). Enter the crater and look around, careful not to loose any height since we'll have to get out again, we need about 10 000 feet. Mesmerized we grab our compass and take a course of 225 again. To get out we might skim against a cloud, be careful. If you don't see a way out take a turn again to wait for the clouds to move out of sight.

After you managed to get out of the crater keep on the course of 225 while descending slowly for about 9 mins. There are some bumps to avoid, like Mt.Olmoti we keep to the right and Mt.Losirua on the left.

After a small hill we enter one of the most amazing places in Africa, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area Ngorngoro Crater], the second biggest crater in the world. A micro climate and amazing wildlife.
Examine the crater and you will notice two lakes, head towards the biggest lake, lake Magadi. When you are above it take a course of 123 to get out of the crater.

After leaving the crater it takes some time before we are near the airstrip again. After about 5 mins we will see a river (left) and a road (right). Follow the road since it will lead us to the airstrip again.

Don't scare the wildebeast!

Notecard:
<tt>
#Fair weather, no snow
#HTLM RW 12 4150 feet
#Course 30 to 0 deg 15 mins, mountains close left
#Head towards /\volcano
#Sharp left turn course 225 deg altitude 9000 feet
#Volcano, lake, 10 000 feet
#Course 225 deg, slow descend 9 min
#Large lake, course 123 deg 5 mins
#River left, road right. Follow road
#Landing 124.5 deg 4150 feet.</tt>

*October 2011 by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]. Published in [[FlightGear_Newsletter_December_2011#Suggested_flights | Newsletter December 2011]].
==Kisimayu to Kilimanjaro==
We have to take a big airliner for this trip. The runways are long enough but for this trip we need some altitude and a slow descend.

We park our Big Bird at HCMK, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismayo_Airport Kisimayu], Somalia, near the East coast of Africa. It's unsure what this airfield is used for but it's a long piece of tarmac. I could not find regular flights to and from this airfield, not so strange, there is no lighting, no radio beacons and... no fuel. What you can find is Global Air Rescue that has an air ambulance service based here (with a [http://www.globalairrescue.com/learjet-35.php Learjet 35]).

Our route will be around 425 nm in length. You know your aircraft and know what altitude you will need to fly.

Our destination, HTKJ, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_International_Airport Kilimanjaro], Tanzania, has only one ILS and I have learned, if an airfield has only one ILS there is probably a reason.

Flight Plan (short version):
#HCMK Kisimayu, length 12,177 ft, no navaids near.
#GAR Garissa [[VOR-DME]] freq 115.7 heading 268° dist 169 nm.
#KB Kilimanjaro [[NDB]] freq 393.0 heading 224° dist 258 nm, here is the holding pattern for the Kilimanjaro runway (and there is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro 19,000 ft] reason for this detour).
#KV Kilimanjaro VOR-DME freq 115.3 heading 70° dist 26 nm.
#HTKJ Kilimanjaro [[ILS]] freq 110.9 runway heading 88° elev 2,900 ft [[AMSL]] length 11,807 ft.

Prepare your flight well to receive amazing views of the landscape during the final steps of the route, if you don't you will discover why some pilots call Kilimanjaro Kill-You-Manjaro.

{{#ev:youtube | KCJi_ZaR8ec}}
Youtube video: Kilimanjaro approach in real, in FG not much different.

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

=Australia and Oceania=

==Hawai'i==
[[Image:Maui03.jpg|thumb|250px]]
Do you use [[TerraSync]]? If so, try a flight around Hawaii! Take off from PHNL in a light aircraft and head west until you hit Pearl Harbor; a right turn north will take you post the USS Arizona Memorial, and the Punchbowl Crater will be to your right. Or, fly east from PHNL past volcanic craters Diamond Head and Koko Head. If you follow the O'ahu coastline north from Koko Head, you can land at either old World War II airbase Bellows Field (now a wildlife reserve in real life) or at Keahole MCAS.

For a potentially more scenic route, fly east toward Molokai, and stay to the north (left) of the island. The northern part of Molokai features huge sea cliffs and a tiny airstrip on the Kalaupapa peninsula - the peninsula being the only respite from the cliffs. A former leper colony existed near the airstrip!

Also of interest are the volcanoes on Maui and the 'Big Island' of Hawai'i - flying VFR in a small plane from PHTO to PHKO over the plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa can be a challenge, as you have to take off from sea level, fly through a pass of 6500 feet, and then drop back down to sea level to land! The Hana coast of northern Maui is also a nice flight - a circumnavigation of Haleakala, starting and ending at PHOG, is quite a nice flight.

The islands will be available through the download center with the next major scenery release, but for now, fire up [[TerraSync]] and your favorite VFR aircraft and have a blast.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter September 2010]] by [[User:Statto|Statto]].

== Hawai'i waterfalls tour ==
This flight will let you discover some of the famous Hawai'ian waterfalls, visiting the Islands of Kauai and Oahu.
{{note| Despite the scenery is very nice, the waterfalls are mostly not modeled (as of 5/2024)}}

* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=21.82733715471215,-158.96200561400335&chart=301&zoom=5&fpl=%20PHBK%202211N15938W%202206N15930W%202204N15925W%20LIH%202135N15817W%202138N15802W%202120N15746W%202116N15748W%20PHNL SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip except the VORTAC LIH 113.500 to cross the sea.
* Trip takes around 90 minutes air time at 110 KTAS.

First part of the trip:
* Start at Parking sands (PHBK), runway 34
* Takeoff, climb to 5000ft and follow the northern coast at about a heading of 030° until you reach Crawlers Ledge (about 8 minutes flight time).
* Turn southeast into the very dominant embayment and watch out for Hanakoa Falls, our first waterfall to visit.
* To your left should be a very dominant valley behind the ridge, featuring a river. Now climb to 6000ft and follow that valley southeastish and visit the famous Weeping wall waterfalls behind the ridge at the end of the valley.
* Bank left slightly (~100° heading), descend to 3000 ft and aim for Wailua waterfalls at the south side of the small hill near the coast (between the two towns).

This concludes the islands waterfalls after about 20 minutes flight.

Now either land at Lihue Airport (PHLI) to your right for a break, or continue the trip and intercept VORTAC LIH 113.500 radial 99/TO. Follow the radial to cross the Kauai Channel until you reach the tip of Oahu Island (the crossing of 63NM takes about 30 minutes at 120 knots. You may also opt to skip and start at PHDH).

* Follow overfly Kawaihapai Airfield (PHDH) and follow the northern coast.
* Shortly you will ovefly a prominent bend from east to nothertheast in the coast, still follow the coast. Note the windfarm appearing to your right ahead.
* Over Waimea (just before the very visible sand beach), turn right and fly to the inland behind (north of) the windfarm. Shortly after passing the wind turbines, look out for Waimea waterfalls.
* Follow the mountains to the southeast of the island and slowly climb to 4000ft (the left side is more rough and scenic).
* North of Diamond Head (a big crater at the south tip of the island) there are several waterfalls (roughly in the middle between Diamond head in the south and Kaneohe in the north), as well as very nice streams coming down the ridge. Also the north side of the ridge is very nice, so consider doing a circle over there.
* Continue south over Diamond head and proceed to land at Honolulu airport (PHNL).

This concludes the trip after about 1:30 hours.

==Brisbane International Airport to Sydney International Airport==
Going from Brisbane International Airport to Sydney International Airport. You should have a heading of about 203. Might take sometime to arrive to this section. Maybe 10-30 mins into the flight. Can't really say but don't give up, you will eventually reach this section of the flight. '''''Your eyes will be rewarded!''''' .

[[Image:Fgfs-screen-020.png|200px]]
[[Image:Fgfs-screen-016.png|200px]]
[[Image:Fgfs-screen-012.png|200px]]
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter April 2011]] by [[User:Vin|Vin]]

=Antarctica=
{{Suggested}}

[[Category:Lists]]

Suggested Flights

2026-08-03T19:59:17Z

Sierra:

[[FlightGear]] has accurate and realistic terrain. Here are some interesting places where you can do virtual sight seeing.

If you are starting with [[FlightGear Qt launcher|launcher]], you can enter the [[airport]] id and select the runway on the appropriate screen in the Location panel.
If you are starting from the command line you can use the options: <tt>--airport=ABCD</tt> and <tt>--runway=12L</tt>.

*Remember to give a look at the [[Suggested Airports]] page, where you can find a comprehensive list of high quality airports in FlightGear.
*If you enjoy these flights, please consider recording a flight and posting a link to it at the [[Suggested Prerecorded Flights]] page.

p.s. charts are generated using FlightGear data only.

This page includes the flights described on the [http://www.flightgear.org/places.html main website] and the suggested flights from the newsletters. It can serve as an archive for suggested flights from future [[FlightGear Newsletter|newsletters]] or can give a flight if creativity is low that month.

{{TOC limit|3}}

=Cross Continentals or World Tour=

* [[Breitling DC-3 World Tour]][[File:Rect17.png|thumbnail]]
* [[Flying the Hump]]

=North America=
==Round Valley Airport==
[[Image:O09-002.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:O09-003.png|thumb|right|Valley]]
Covalis, CA. The airport is at the West edge of a 7 mile across valley.<BR/>
The predominant wind is a cross wind. Take-offs to the west (if they use the full runway length) often have to fly between 2 small hills and over another valley while gaining altitude. Most pilots take off to the west.<BR/>
It is a paved runway and quite long. It was designated as an emergency recovery field during the Cold War and was used twice that I know of by military aircraft that could not take off again from the field.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
{{Location map | USA
| caption = Latitude: 39.790156 Longitude: -123.266403
| lat_deg = 39.790156
| lon_deg = -123.266403
}}

* O09 - Round valley - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/O09.pdf chart]

===Suggested aircraft===
I have tried this trip using a p38, quite powerful airplane
* [[Lockheed-P38|P38]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=O09 --runway=28 --aircraft=p38
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Half Moon Bay==
[[Image:KHAF-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:KHAF-002.png|thumb|right|Bridge]]
Start at Half Moon Bay, Runway 30, with 32km visibility; Takeoff in the C172 and climb to 1000 feet, then continue north over the water, near the shoreline. Look out the right window frequently. Fly up the coast, overfly the Golden Gate Bridge, continue around the top of the peninsula past downtown SF, then fly on to [[KSFO]] for a landing. We now have lots to see.

If you cannot see the runway in the default 172, you must be flying too high or too slowly. You can start by practicing a bit with a good setup:

'''fgfs --offset-distance=1.5 --altitude=500 --vc=70'''

As soon as FlightGear starts, cut the power to 1500 rpm and drop two notches of flap. Maintain 70 kt. Now, pick your landing spot (a bit down the runway) and try to hold it in the same spot on your windshield. If your landing spot starts moving down, you are too high, and should cut another 100 rpm; if it starts moving up, you are too low, and should add another 100 rpm. Adjust the nose to keep your speed at 70 kt all the way down until you're right above the numbers, then cut power to idle, drop the last notch of flaps, flare, and land.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:KHAF-003.png|thumb|left|surroundings]]
[[Image:World-KHAF.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.513333 Longitude: -122.501111]]
* KHAF - Half Moon Bay - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KHAF.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KSFO-001.png|thumb|left|Before landing]]
Use the default c172 airplane
* [[Cessna C172P]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KHAF --runway=30 --visibility=32000 --aircraft=c172
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Author===
[[User:Hellosimon|Hellosimon]], format and extended by [[User:Francescobrisa|Francescobrisa]].

==Hell's Canyon==
[[Image:25U-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:25U-004.png|thumb|right|Valley]]
Hell's Canyon, Imnaha, OR. This airport is located just west of "Hell's Canyon National Park" which has the Snake River running through it.<br/>
Supposedly it's a 5500 foot drop from the top of the canyon to the river.<BR/>
The airport is located on the brink of this canyon.

See the remarks on the airport page (click on the airport id) ... DOWNDRAFTS, SHEER DROP IN TERRAIN, LIVESTOCK, etc. Don't go here on your first solo x-country. :-)
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:25U-005.png|thumb|left|Landing]]
[[Image:World-25U.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 45.427861 Longitude: -116.693889]]
* 25U - Round valley - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/25U.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:25U-006.png|thumb|left|Landing 2]]
I have tried this trip using a pilatus PC-9M, powerful airplane
* [[PC-9M|PC-9M]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=25U --aircraft=PC-9M
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Crater Lake National Park Tour==
[[Image:64s-003.png|thumb|left|Approaching the lake]]
[[Image:64s-002.png|thumb|right|Direction 40 degrees]]
Prospect, OR.<br/>

Take off and fly at a heading of about 40 degrees until you cross the first distinct ridge in front of you. (several minutes of flight in the navion ... just climb as fast as you can, it will be a close squeek to get over :-)<br/>

Once you clear the ridge and can see beyond it, turn right and fly a heading of about 70 degrees. You should see two shallow peaks off in the distance. Head right between these -- they are the two sides of the crater. As you get closer the shape of the crater will come into view. There's a lake there in real life, hopefully it will be there in flight gear too before long.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:64s-001.png|thumb|left|Leaving the 64S airfield]]
[[Image:World-64S.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 42.743183 Longitude: -122.488092]]
* 64S - Prospect State - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/64S.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:64s-004.png|thumb|left|Lake view 1]]
[[Image:64s-005.png|thumb|right|Lake view 2]]

* [[Ryan_Navion|Navion]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=64S --runway=02 --aircraft=navion
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Grand Canyon Tour==
[[Image:Grand_Canyon_Tour_4.jpg|700px|frameless|center]]
Being a special place, there are also special flight rules for VFR traffic around the Grand Canyon. There are multiple no-fly-zones set up and VFR traffic is only allowed to fly via the designated corridors. If you want to fly realistically, avoid these zones in FlightGear as well, following for example the [https://skyvector.com/?ll=36.18649251415492,-112.52223157994264&chart=230&zoom=5&fpl=%20KGCN%20VPGCF%20VPGCG%20VPGCD%20VPGCC%20VPGCA%203608N11252W%203609N11309W%201Z1%201G4%203AZ5 route shown here. (skyvector link)]

This flight takes you from KGCN, the Grand Canyon National Park airport, to 3AZ5, a small airfield called Hualapai located south of the Grand Canyon. Departing from KGCN, fly north-west bound to reach the canyon. From there, either follow the route shown on skyvector above, or fly visually through the canyon westbound towards 1Z1, Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip. From there on, continue flying westward to 1G4. Called Grand Canyon West, 1G4 also marks about the western end of the canyon. To get to your destination 3AZ5, continue along the southern rim, flying eastward now. Shortly after leaving the breathtaking valley behind you, you will already reach your destination. Land and let your engine and your mind cool down from the special views :)

===Gallery===
<gallery>
Grand_Canyon_Tour_2.jpg
Grand_Canyon_Tour_3.jpg
Grand_Canyon_Tour_1.jpg
</gallery>

===Airports===
* KGCN - Grand Canyon National Park Airport - [https://www.aopa.org/destinations/airports/KGCN/details aopa.org]
* 1Z1 - Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/1Z1 airnav.com]
* 1G4 - Grand Canyon West - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/1G4 airnav.com]
* 3AZ5 - Hualapai - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/3AZ5 airnav.com]

===Suggested aircraft===
Most VFR aircraft with sufficiently big windows will serve the purpose, for example:
*[[Cessna C172P]]
*Optica
*[[Ryan_Navion]]
If you are more interested in flying helicopters, the [[Eurocopter EC130 B4]] with the Grand Canyon Helicopters livery might be for you.

===Links===
*[https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/upload/sfra.pdf Chart of the Grand Canyon special airspace, published by the National Park Service]
*[http://www.swaviator.com/html/issueJJ99/canyon.html An article about flying close to the Grand Canyon]
*[https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/april/flight-training-magazine/road-trip-grand-canyon AOPA Flight suggestion]

==Ranger Creek Airport==
[[File:21w-1.jpg|500px|center|Waiting for departure at Ranger Creek]]
Ranger Creek Airport is located in Greenwater, Washington, USA. Being wedged into the bottom of a steep canyon, you'll definitely need to be on your toes to get in and out of there. Switch on Advanced Weather and Live Data to experience what the winds can do to you in real life!
===Airports and coordinates===
* 21W - Ranger Creek - [http://www.airnav.com/airport/21W airnav.com]
===Gallery===
<gallery>
Ranger_Creek1.jpg|Departing between the mountains
Ranger_Creek_2.jpg|Looking back towards the airfield
Ranger_Creek_3.jpg|Downwind for approach back to Ranger Creek
</gallery>
===Suggested aircraft===
For this flight, the Piper PA-18 SuperCub is suggested, this is included in the [[Piper J3 Cub]] package

==Mount Rainier Tour==
[[Image:WA20-002.png|thumb|left|The mountain from far away]]
[[Image:WA20-006.png|thumb|right|external view]]
Eatonville, WA. Start out at Swanson Airport in Eatonville, WA. Take off and fly a heading of about 90 degrees. You will need to fly for 5-10 minutes before the mountain comes into view. Be patient if you don't see it right away, it will dwarf everything in it's vicinity.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-WA20.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 46.87588502 Longitude: -122.25733500]]

* WA20 - Swanson - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/WA20.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:WA20-007.png|thumb|left|external near view]]
[[Image:WA20-009.png|thumb|right|external near view]]
* [[mosquito]]

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=WA20 --aircraft=mosquito
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Death Valley Tour==
[[Image:L06-001.png|thumb|left|in the air]]
[[Image:Furnace-creek.jpg|thumb|left|real life view of Furnace Creek Airfield]]
[[Image:L06-002.png|thumb|right|in the air]]
Furnace Creek, CA. This starts you right in the middle of Death Valley which runs north & south. If you head south about 15 miles you'll hit the lowest point in the USA, 282 feet (86 meters) below sea level.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-L06.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 36.46451100 Longitude: -116.88139422]]
* L06 - Furnace Creek - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/L06.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:L06-003.png|thumb|left|in the air]]
[[Image:L06-004.png|thumb|right|in the air]]
* [[rallye-MS893]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=L06 --aircraft=rallye-MS893
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Utah==
!!! Work in progress !!!<BR/>

Escalante Muni Airport, Escalante, UT. This airport is east and a bit north of Bryce Canyon National park. If you head mostly south and a bit east you'll eventually hit the Grand Canyon. It is sandwiched between the Dixie National forest to the north and the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument to the south. There should be interesting stuff to see no matter which direction you head.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-1L7.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.75054400 Longitude: -111.57578300]]
* 1L7 - Escalante Muni - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/1L7.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=1L7 --aircraft=pa18
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Lake County Airport (CO)==
[[Image:KLXV-001.png|thumb|left|Adjust mixture !]]
[[Image:KLXV-002.png|thumb|right|The terrain will be covered by snow]]
Lake County Airport, Leadville, CO. This airport is at an elevation of 9927 making it a bit of a challenge to get into and out of with a standard C172.<BR/>
Make sure you lean out your engine before taking off and read up on density altitude before you try this one in real life.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:KLXV-003.png|thumb|left|The airport]]
[[Image:World-KLXV.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 39.22812500 Longitude: -106.31835600]]
* KLXV - Lake Co - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KLXV.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KLXV-004.png|thumb|left|I like this panorama]]
[[Image:KLXV-005.png|thumb|right|The nearby lake]]
* [[Cessna C172P]]

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
[[Image:KLXV-006.png|thumb|left|Landing...]]
fgfs --airport=KLXV --aircraft=c172p
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Caribbean - Saint Martin and St. Kitts==
[[Image:TNCM-003.png|thumb|left|just after the take off]]
[[Image:TNCM-004.png|thumb|right|some nearby island]]
Pilots of the Caribbeans is an informal FlightGear community of users who fly around the small Caribbean islands, many of which have custom scenery and improved landclass data. (For details see Pilots of the Caribbean)<BR/>

[[TNCM|Princess Juliana International Airport (TNCM)]] at the isle of Saint Martin, is one of the most popular airports in FlightGear. In large part due to the custom objects and land cover. However, St. Marten is only one of several detailed airports in the region - and, while the approach for TNCM is one of the most memorable in the whole world, the land cover for St. Kitts and Nevis makes it a lovely place to fly.

British Airways, US Airways and American Airlines, among others, all fly into St. Kitts' Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport (TKPK) in real life.

Take off from TKPK in a [[Piper_J3_Cub|Piper Cub]] and make a northward, clockwise circle of the island. Start your descent on the east side of the island, and focus on the small hill which separates the north from the south. Start hugging the coast near the beach and look to the west - as soon as the railroad heads to the southwest, you're about ready to turn for final. Make your right hand turn for final and taxi to the terminal.

If you want to fully explore this whole country, take off in a Beaver, which has a little more speed, and fly a figure eight. Take off from TKPK and circle the airport to the north like in the Cub. Then instead of landing, perform a touch-and-go and turn left over the boat terminal and make for the west coast of Nevis. Enjoy the beauty of the south coast of St. Kitts before circling Nevis. Over Nevis, you have several options - cut your flight short and land at [[TKPN]] on the island of Nevis, complete the "figure eight" by heading back to TKPK, or check your fuel and head east across the Caribbean to Antigua (which does not have custom land cover).
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-TNCM.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 18.040953 Longitude: -63.108900]]

* [[TNCM|TNCM - Princess Juliana International Airport]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TNCM.pdf chart]
* TKPK - Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TKPK.pdf chart]
* TKPN - Vance Winkworth Amory Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TKPN.pdf chart]
others interesting airports in the area:
* TFFF - Le Lamentin - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TFFF.pdf chart]
* [[MDPP|MDPP - Gregorio Luperon Intl]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/MDPP.pdf chart]
* TJSJ - Luis Munoz Marin Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TJSJ.pdf chart]
* FMEE - St Denis Gillot - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/FMEE.pdf chart]
* TFFG - Grand Case - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TFFG.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:TNCM-005.png|thumb|left|amazing]]
[[Image:TNCM-006.png|thumb|right|landing]]
* [[Piper_J3_Cub|Piper Cub]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=TKPK --aircraft=Cub
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Author===
By [[User:Statto|Statto]], format and extended by [[User:Francescobrisa|Francescobrisa]].

==Friedman Memorial Airport (Idaho)==
[[Image:KSUN-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:KSUN-002.png|thumb|right|nearby]]
Friedman Memorial Airport, Hailey, Idaho. This airport is nestled in a valley surrounded by significant terrain. It's one that shows up quite often in accident investigations.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-KSUN.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 43.51223900 Longitude: -114.30376100]]
* KSUN - Friedman Mem - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KSUN.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KSUN-003.png|thumb|left|landing]]
[[Image:KSUN-004.png|thumb|right|landing]]
* [[FK9MK2]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KSUN --aircraft=fk9mk2
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

== Wyoming - Grand Teton ==
Jackson Hole (KJAC) airport is located at around 6,400ft right next to the Teton range of mountains. The Tetons rise straight out of the plains, gaining over 5,000ft in 2 miles.

You will need the w120n40 scenery.

Tower frequency at KJAC is 118.07. Due to the high altitude, you will need to lean non-turbocharged piston aircraft before take-off. Don't forget that take-off distances will also be longer.

After take-off head to the North East. Grand Teton is the highest of the three peaks that rise straight from the flat-lands. Follow the line of mountains to the East, passing over Jenny Lake. After a couple of miles you will reach a huge lake. The large bulk of a mountain to the East is Mount Moran.

The Teton Mountain range is surprisingly thin - really just a string of mountains running SW-NE. Flying fast jets down the steep valleys is recommended.
* By [[User:Stuart|Stuart]].

== Virginia Eastern Shore, Chesapeake Bay-Bridge Tunnel Sightseeing ==
[[Image:KTGI-001.png|thumb|left|before take off]]
[[Image:KTGI-002.png|thumb|right|right after take off]]

Take a short VFR trip from Tangier Island to view the famous Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting Cape Charles to Cape Henry. Depart historic Tangier Island (KTGI) situated in the Chesapeake Bay and land at Norfolk International Airport (KORF), Norfolk, Virginia. The scenic character of the flight is enhanced by leaving the island at dusk. The flight is both scenic and challenging. Frequently, when flying with real weather, you will have a steady wind blowing across the bay. Starting out quiet Tangier and arriving at busy, glittering Norfolk International (KORF) gives the flight some contrast.

'''fgfs --airport=KTGI --runway=20 --timeofday=dusk'''

Before leaving Tangier: Set your altimeter to the prevailing barometric temperature. Set your communications radio to the Norfolk Intl. (KORF) ATIS frequency of 127.150 MHz to listen for weather reports in the destination area. Set your navigation radio to 112.20 MHz to pick up the Cape Charles (CCV) VOR. Set your heading bug to the runway heading, 200.

Takeoff straight, flying the runway heading. Climb to 2000ft and maintain.

Shortly, you should see the VOR assigned to NAV1 display receive a steady signal (the OFF flag will disappear). The DME should also settle down and display the distance to the Cape Charles VOR station. The flight to CCV will be about 26 nautical miles. As you fly, it will show your airspeed and time to arrival. It should take about ten minutes.

Turn the OBS knob until the VOR displays the TO flag and 190 degrees, the heading you should now turn to.

Fly south from Tangier, crossing an expanse of water, about ten miles until you see the Virginia Eastern Shore. You'll come upon the grass airstrip of Chance (VA89) a few minutes out from Tangier. Beyond are two flashing tower beacons. You may catch a glimpse of Weirwood/Kellam (W08) on the ocean shore, recognizable by two crossing dirt strips.

If you look carefully, you may see the little white building that is the Cape Charles VOR station. As you fly over VOR the flag will change from TO to FROM and the needle will deflect. Do not try to follow the needle. Wait until you are past the VOR. As you cross the VOR station, you should see a highway slanting across your path toward the south west. Turn to follow this highway. You'll come across a lone tower with beacon along the roadside. You'll see an access road stretching from the tower complex to the main road.

If the sky conditions permit, you may try your hand at wayfinding by following the road. If visiblity is poor, set the VOR to 180 degrees to parallel the road to the end of the peninsula. Or you can continue to fly outbound from the VOR on 190 by maintaining the same heading. The VOR needle should return to center with the FROM flag displaying. This will put you west of the bridge with a good view and the option to turn towards KORF near the initial approach fix. If you follow the highway you will need to overfly the airport, but if you stay on the 190 heading, you will be in a position to make a straight in landing.

As you fly down the peninsula you'll pass Cherrystone, Eagle's Nest, Scott and Bull Farm grass airstrips. Bull Farm is the last strip before the mouth of the Chesapeake. Just past Scott Farm you should see the first glimmer of the northern leg of the bridge. The grass strips can be very difficult to see.

As you reach the end of the peninsula, be careful to avoid the tower on Fisherman's Island at the north end of the north leg of the bridge (Note the bridge is not modeled by FlightGear...but I hope to work up one eventually). Next comes the north middle leg. Turn right a few degrees to follow the south middle leg. Watch as the deck plunges beneath the waves to allow ships to navigate the north and south channels.

As Cape Henry approaches, you'll see the Norfolk International airport to the right and the southern leg of the bridge touching the shore.

If you intend to land at KORF, you will want to start your approach soon. Otherwise, you may continue to follow the bridge to the end. Make the approach to KORF by contacting the tower for vectors. Or use the ILS.

This is a good flight to practice VOR flying on. It is a very straight flight path to the VOR requiring little adjustment and there are no other VORs in the area to confuse you.
*June 2006 by [[User:Sek|Sek]].

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-KTGI.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.8250835 Longitude: -75.9976665]]
* KTGI - Tangier Island - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KTGI.pdf chart]
* KORF - Norfolk International - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KORF.pdf chart]

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KTGI-003.png|thumb|left|surroundings]]
[[Image:KORF-001.png|thumb|right|landing to KORF]]
I have tried this trip using a Seneca II
* [[Piper PA34-200T Seneca II]]
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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KTGI --runway=20 --timeofday=dusk --aircraft=SenecaII
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==Prince George to Calgary Springbank==
A beautiful flight is from Prince George (CYXS), to Calgary Springbank (CYBW). Route created by reed, which can be seen at {{forum link|t=9772|text=the forums}}
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter November 2010]] By [[User:Cael|Cael]].
==Ketchikan to Juneau==
It's cold where we will go so dress up warm and if we are lucky we might see whales during our flight. Don't fly too high to enjoy the amazing views, and there is a small challenge at the end. The runways we will use are long enough for bigger aircraft (7000+). Total length of the trip will be around 245 NM. So, hop in the cockpit of your favourite airliner.

Alaska, here we come! Enjoy!
#Park your aircraft on PAKT, [http://www.borough.ketchikan.ak.us/airport/airport_history.htm Ketchikan International], runway 11. The wind is coming from '''South''', change the weather if needed (SE is ok too).
#Fly North towards [[NDB]] Fredericks Point on 372.0 for 94 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Five Fingers on 295.0 for 39 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Gustavus on 219.0 for 77 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Coghlan Island on 212.0 for 32 NM.
#Set the [[ILS]] on 109.9 and land your aircraft (after 4 NM) on PAJN, [http://www.juneau.org/airport/ Juneau International], runway 08.
If you feel warm after this landing, you just crossed a NORAD microwave site, so that is why.
*October 2011 by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]] [[FlightGear Newsletter November 2011]]
==Searching Wizard Island==
*USA, Oregon, Klamath County
With one [[VORTAC]] behind our back we do an [[IFR]]/[[VFR]] search of Wizard Island, a mysterious place, a sacred place for native Americans. You might even find the <tt>Old Man of the Lake</tt>.

Don't pull up the map, that would spoil the surprise but I promise '''unique views'''. We will land on a short lawn runway. Terrain [[altitude]] will range from 4,000 to a max of 8,930 feet and down again. Total length of the trip will be about 50 NM. Select your aircraft with care. It must have one working navigational radio (VOR-DME), a strong engine, a strong undercarriage, must be capable of a good climb and a steep descend. I suggest to use Fair weather (Environment=>Global Weather). If needed remove some clouds (View=>Rendering Options=>Slider 3d Clouds to the left).
[[File:Mount Scott.jpg|thumb|250 px|Mount Scott (8,929 feet) just after depart from 2S7 (Two Sierra Seven). Wizard Island is just to the North-West of it.]]
*Park your aircraft on 2S7 (Two Sierra Seven), Chiloguin-State.
*Set [[NAV1]] on 115.9 (Klamath Falls VORTAC) and on radial 323<sup>o</sup> (Magnetic). We are at an [[elevation]] of 4,217 feet. Set QNH. Set heading bug at 275<sup>o</sup> (Magn).
*Take off an fly the course set with the heading bug.
*Intercept the radial.
*Monitor distance and you will find Wizard Island at 50 NM from Klamath Falls. The island has an elevation of 6,673 feet. I suggest a full 360<sup>o</sup> turn, take pictures.
*Set radial 318<sup>o</sup>, keep the same frequency. Do a new radial intercept.
*Try and find the airstrip (3S6, Three Sierra Six, Toketee-State) at 71 NM from Klamath Falls with an elevation of 3,361 feet, runway heading 275<sup>o</sup> (Magn). There are bumps around you should avoid.
*If you are capable of finding the island, finding the airstrip and landing without a crash, in one go..., you are a wizard.

Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_Lake this link] '''after''' you have landed so you know what amazing landscape you have seen.

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

=South America=
==Southern Tip of Chile==
[[Image:Scgz-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:Scgz-004.png|thumb|right|Some part of the scenery]]
Gary Carvell: Here is a suggestion for the FlightGear Places to Fly page. I don't have any particular routes, just fly around and enjoy the gorgeous scenery.<BR/>
These three airports are in the same region of the very southern tip of Argentina. This area is a scenic wonderland - a maze of islands, mountains, and ocean channels. Hours of entertainment.<BR/>
SCGZ - Puerto Williams Guardiamarina Zanartu Airport, Chile Located on the north coast of Isla Navarino facing the Beagle Channel. At 55 deg S. longitude, Puerto Williams is considered the southernmost town in the world.<BR/>
SAWH - Ushuaia Islas Malvinas Airport
SAWO - Ushuaia Est Aeronaval Airport
Ushuaia, on the south coast of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, on the the Beagle Channel.
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===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:Sawh-004.png|thumb|left|Approaching Ushumaia Malvinas Argentinas]]
[[Image:World-scgz.png|thumb|right|Latitude: -54.931072 Longitude: -67.626261]]

* SCGZ - Guardiamarina Zanartu - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SCGZ.pdf chart]
* SAWH - Ushuaia Malvinas Argentinas - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SAWH.pdf chart]
* SAWO - Ushuaia Est Aeronaval - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SAWO.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:Scgz-002.png|thumb|left|Just left the scgz airport]]
I personally like to fly this area in the [[Consolidated_Aircraft_PBY_Catalina|Catalina]], it's a great sightseeing plane with the advantage that you can take off and land just about anywhere.
* [[Consolidated_Aircraft_PBY_Catalina|Catalina]]
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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=SCGZ --aircraft=Catalina
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==Copacabana to San Rafael over Lake Titicaca==
Bolivia to Peru. This trip will lead you over one of the highest and deepest lakes in the world towards the highest airfield in the world. It a demonstration of a [[IFR]] flight towards a fix and a demonstration how accurate FlightGear simulates air density and the effects it has on aircraft.
[[File:Slcc-sprf.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Flight and fix SLCC to SPRF]]
Place your aircraft on the airfield [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copacabana,_Bolivia SLCC, Copacabana], with an [[elevation]] of 12,592 feet. FlightGear will show snow all around you but that is not very realistic so let's clean up. View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5,000M).

We will fly towards and land at SPRF. If you would enter SLCC and SPRF in [[Kelpie]] planner you probably would not be able to find SPRF. To find SPRF I am adding an additional VOR-DME station and for a good fix give you another VOR-DME. Try Kelpie planner to plan this route and compare with this suggestion.

Equipment preparation. Set [[NAV1]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliaca Juliaca] VOR-DME on 155.55 with a radial of 311° (magnetic). Set [[NAV2]] to Arequipa VOR-DME on 113.7 with a radial of 212°. During our flight we will fly with [[true altitude]] as set with [[QNH]], keep QNH updated. Arm the autopilot with the [[heading bug]] at 311° and an initial altitude of 13,500 feet.

Take off and if you took the wrong RW pull up hard. Take a small tour over [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicaca lake Titicaca], see the floating islands and try to find the lost golden treasure. Intercept the nearest radial on NAV1 towards Juliaca (about 311°).

Just before Juliaca is a hill so while on lake Titicaca increase altitude to 14,200 feet, the [[VFR]] part of this trip is over. After passing Juliaca set the radial of NAV1 to 352° and set the altitude to 17,422 feet. We will fly from NAV1 and slowly increase altitude.

At a distance of about 60 NM set the heading bug on the current course. Monitor the distance to NAV1, the radial of NAV2 and the distance to NAV2. At a distance of 74.5 NM to NAV1, a distance of 140.7 NM and at the '''radial''' intercept of NAV2 should be the runway. So, from 60 NM onwards, look outside the window, then at NAV1 and then NAV2 etc.

If you are at 80NM to NAV1 you have missed the airfield but you still won't hit any hills (unless you bank left). Bank right and set the heading bug to 172°. Fly back towards NAV1 and intercept the radial 352° at about 50NM again to repeat the search.

The runway SPRF, San Rafael, has a elevation of 14,422 feet and a heading of 297°/ 117°. Our initial altitude has been set 3,000NM above the RW elevation. That should give sufficient room for navigation.

After you have seen the airfield set the radial of NAV1 to 297°, the heading of the runway (not the course to the runway) as a visual aid. Land on RW 30 (and not on RW 12 unless you are a show-off). Oh, there is a small hill in front of RW 30, just so you know.

Decreasing speed at this altitude can be a bit tricky. The air is thin and does not give much resistance. Next to that, the difference between [[indicated airspeed]] and [[ground speed]] is very noticeable. The ground speed is much higher as the indicated airspeed.

After a successful landing, try to discover the origin of the Amazon river since we are now at the starting point of that trip.
* By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

==Origin of the Amazon River==
[[Image:SPRF-001.png|thumb|left|high altitude]]
[[Image:SPRF-002.png|thumb|right|high altitude]]
Peru. For this [[IFR]] tour (with [[VFR]] parts) we take off from the highest airfield in the world to discover the origin of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River Amazon river] in South America. I promise spectacular mountains and valleys. The total length of this trip is about 175 NM.

Place your aircraft on the airfield SPRF, San Rafael. FlightGear will show snow all around you but that is not very realistic so let's clean up. View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5,000M).

Equipment preparation: Set [[NAV1]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa Arequipa] VOR-DME at 113.7 with a radial of 176° (magnetic). Set [[NAV2]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco Cusco] VOR-DME at 114.9 also with a radial of 176°.
Set [[QNH]] and during flight keep correcting it, it's a bad idea to use [[Pressure altitude]] during this flight. Set the [[heading bug]] to 250°. Arm the [[autopilot]] and set the initial [[altitude]] to 16,000 feet.

The airfield SPRF, San Rafael has an [[elevation]] of 14,422 feet. That altitude will cause problems during take-off. It takes a lot longer for the aircraft to gain sufficient speed for take-off, also the take-off speed that is needed is higher as you would expect. Perhaps an additional notch of flaps is needed.

Take-off, avoid the bumps (there are plenty) and fly a course of 250°. After about 80 NM you will fly over the radial of NAV1. Intercept the radial towards Arequipa. At a distance of 75 NM towards NAV1 you will have to increase altitude to 19,000 feet.

At a distance of 50 NM towards NAV1 and 118 NM from NAV2 you will see and cross over the mountain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_Mismi Nevado Mismi] with an altitude of 18,362 ft. The rains and water on the area to the right until Nevado Mismi will leave towards the Atlantic ocean through the Amazon river. Anything to the left and after Nevado Mismi will leave towards the Pacific ocean.

After Nevado Mismi you are tempted to descend. Don't. Just before the airfield is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachani Mt.Chachani] with an altitude of 19,872 feet and to the East is the active volcano [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Misti El Misti] with an altitude of 19,101 feet. You can either increase the altitude and fly over the airfield or keep the altitude, even descend and fly between the mountains, your choice depends on the visibility.

Fly using the heading bug and set NAV1 to [[ILS]] 109.7 with a radial of 93.2°. We will land at airfield [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ball%C3%B3n_International_Airport SPQU, Rodriguez ballon], that has an elevation of 8,405 feet. There is a reason this airfield has just one ILS. The area South-West of the airfield is below 11,405 feet and is safe to navigate.

Position the aircraft in front of the runway at an altitude of 11,405 feet, catch the [[glidescope]] at a distance of 9.5 NM and land your aircraft. After landing and parking your aircraft crawl into the tower to look around.

Happy flying!

* By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:SPQU-001.png|thumb|left|pre - landing]]
[[Image:World-SPRF.png|thumb|right|Latitude: -14.267 Longitude: -70.467]]
* SPRF - San Rafael - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SPRF.pdf chart]
* SPQU - Rodriguez Ballon - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SPQU.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:SPQU-002.png|thumb|right|landed]]
I recomend a powerful jet angine airplane, but not too heavy !
* [[Cessna 550 Citation II]]

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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=SPRF --aircraft=Citation-II
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=Middle East=
==Israel to Jordan over the Dead Sea==
[[Image:LLBS-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:LLBS-002.png|thumb|right|flat land]]
Dead Sea is the lowest water elevation on the Earth. Take off from the Beer-Sheva Teyman airport and head East-North-East. About half way there, after the southern Hebron mountains ridge, there'll be a sharp drop-off down to the Dead Sea --- the lowest exposed point on the Earth.<br/>
<br/>
It's really fun to descend and explore the beautiful coastline. In the real life, you wouldn't like to fly low over this water there of your own will --- while you don't need a life vest in the Dead Sea, the water is pretty caustic there for one's eyes. Once you're done marvelling the sights, continue on to the Queen Alia airport.
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===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:LLBS-006.png|thumb|left|landing in the dead sea, notice the altitude !]]
[[Image:OJAI-007.png|thumb|right|landing at Queen Alia Intl.]]
[[Image:World-LLBS.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 31.29037800 Longitude: 34.71922500]]
* LLBS - Teyman - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LLBS.pdf chart]
* OJAI - Queen Alia Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/OJAI.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:LLBS-003.png|thumb|left|approaching the dead sea]]
[[Image:LLBS-004.png|thumb|right|there is also a minor airport]]
* [[Albatross]]

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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LLBS --aircraft=Albatross
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=Europe=
==Edinburgh to Oban==
See article: [[Edinburgh to Oban]].

==Oban to Prestwick==
The west coast of Scotland offers some stunning scenery and a number of small airfields and airports to land at on both the mainland and the small islands the dot the coast. The distances between the various airfields are quite small, and some of the runways are on the short side, so STOL or GA aircraft are ideal. The tour suggested here follows part of a microlight trip I made this month, photos of which can be found [http://www.nanjika.co.uk/photos/gigha/ here].

Oban airport (EGEO) lies on the west coast of Scotland, and offers fuel (both AVGAS and AVTUR) and a North/South tarmac runway.

From Oban it is just a 10 minute flight west to the grass airfield of Glenforsa (EG45), on the north-east coast of the island of Mull. Due to the hills and water channel, this airfield often gets quite strange wind patterns - the weather can be perfect in Oban, but much gustier and windier at Glenforsa. At times the windsocks at either end of the runway can blow in completely opposite directions!

Some distance north of Oban lie the airfields of the Isle of Skye (EG57) and Plockton (EG81). This is an excellent place from which to explore the mountains of the Isle of Skye, known as the Cuilins.

Heading south from Oban, one can follow the coast to the island of Jura, with it's distinctive hills (The Paps of Jura). From Jura one can head south to the island of Islay with its numarous malt whisky distilleries (many of which are modelled in FG). Islay Airport (EGPI) has extensive runways. From Islay head north east to the tiny island of Gigha. Despite it's small size, it too has an airfield (EG44), though the FG version is tarmac rather than grass.

From Gigha head east over the Mull of Kintyre, to the hilly isle of Arran, then north east to the Isle of Bute. Both islands have very small grass airstrips, which are sadly not present in FG. From Bute you can head south east to Prestwick International (EGPK), famous for being the only place Elvis touched down in the UK, and a fine place to end our tour.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter July 2011]] by [[User:Stuart|Stuart]]

== Edinburgh to Dundee ==
Edinburgh Airport (EGPH) is located to the West of the city of Edinburgh and south of the Forth rail and road bridges. You'll need the w010n50 scenery and the latest set of objects from the scenery DB which include a number of models for the Edinburgh area.

From Edinburgh Airport, head north and circle the bridges, then follow the coast on the south eastwards past Edinburgh (watch out for the Castle!) and to East Lothian and Bass Rock - a volcanic plug in the sea that is host to thousands of sea-birds.

There are a number of sights in East Lothian, include a distillery.

If you wish to continue your tour, head back North, crossing the Firth of Forth to the Kingdom of Fife. Head approximated North West, tracking towards the Perth VOR (110.4). There is an airport here (Perth Scone, EGPT), but instead we will now track out on the 090 radial and pick up the ILS to Dundee Airport (108.10) landing beside the sea.
* September 2006 by [[User:Stuart|Stuart]].

==Austrian alps soaring==
Discover the Austrian alps with a glider. [[Pinzgauer Spaziergang]]

== Sightseeing the Alps in a C172 ==
This tour will guide you to many of the most famous mountains, valleys, glaciers, snowfields, winter and summer vacation areas, etc. in the European Alps. In addition there are several hints to visit nearby areas of interest. On the tour you will visit Switzerland, Italy and France.
See the detailed description in: http://www.emmerich-j.de/FGFS/Alp-flying.pdf (mirrored to https://beni.hallinger.org/fgfs.nobackup/Alp-Tour-Jomo/)
*February 2011 by [[User:Jomo|Jomo &dagger;]].;

* The scenic trip does take about 2 hours.
* Skyvector route: https://skyvector.com/?ll=46.464097146192884,7.159790050777061&chart=301&zoom=6&fpl=%20LSZC%204700N00836E%204647N00840E%204642N00836E%204637N00835E%204634N00823E%204634N00812E%204633N00809E%204634N00805E%204634N00801E%204631N00803E%204624N00746E%204619N00745E%204618N00753E%204614N00752E%204612N00749E%204609N00747E%204603N00746E%204601N00745E%204600N00738E%204555N00724E%204555N00712E%204553N00703E%204547N00652E%204549N00649E%204604N00634E%20LSGG

== Salzburg to Zell am See via Hallstatt ==
[[File:LOWS-LOGO-LOWZ.jpg|thumb|The route for Salzburg to Zell am See via Hallstatt]]
This flight will bring you around a very scenic region of the austrian alps.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.5666119817603,13.107925427128999&chart=301&zoom=3&fpl=N0100A040%20LOWS%204735N01311E%204736N01339E%204733N01340E%204733N01343E%204735N01343E%204738N01355E%204727N01357E%20LOWZ SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip.
* Trip takes around 1 hr. air time at 120 KTAS.
* Fly at an altitude of about 4000ft or so (the entire trip can be done at that altitude safely).

* Start ''Salzburg (LOWS)''; follow the Autobahn in the valley to the southeast until you reach the fork at ''Golling''. To the south you see the Mountains of the ''Tennengebirge''.
* Alternatively (and I recommned that), you can also deviate sothwest around ''Mt. Untersberg'' (1972m, hosting germanys longest and deepest cave, the ''Riesending'') to visit lake ''Königsee'' and watch the peaks of the ''Steinernes Meer'' (the dominant and very famous ''Mt. Watzmann'', 2713m!) and north side of the ''Mt. Hochkönig''. You need to climb to at least 6200ft to cross the final ridge at the end of the lake valley. After crossing, descend to 4000ft, follow the valley and fly north at the next valley to rejoin the route.
* Turn east and follow the valley and hills, aim for a prominent V-shaped incision at the end. Fly through there and you suddenly break out at the lake ''Hallstätter See'', a fjord-like lake 125m deep.
* Follow the ''Hallstätter See'' to the south, on its western shore is the famous town of ''Hallstatt''. At the mountain to your right (north of Hallstatt) is a very old settlement dating back to the late bronce age (Hallstattzeit, c. 800–450 BC) and there was a very important Salt mine dating back to that time and important archeological grave findings.
Looking south you can see the ''Dachstein'' (2995 m), a high peak hosting the ''Hirlatzhöhle'', with 120km the twentiest longest and with 1560m sixth deepest cave of planet earth.
* Follow the valley east bend to ''Obertraun'', and then north over the ''Koppenpass'' and the town of ''Bad Aussee''.
* From ''Bad Aussee'', fly straight to the lakes ''Grundlsee'' and ''Toplitzsee'' (you can't see the latter yet).
* Between the two, turn southwards and aim for the reservoir lake ''Salza'' which is in the sharp incision you can see to the south.
* After passing the reservoir, you may try to get down to ''Niederoblarn'' (LOGO) to the southeast, it's a short airfield.
* From there, follow the railway in the valley of Enns westwards, LOWZ is about 20 minutes away. On your right side watch out for the other side of the ''Dachstein'' and the town of ''Schladming'', which lies down in the valley next the rocky hills with the river flowing trough. Look for the railway and the river Enns.
* Behind ''Schladming'' (south of Mt. ''Dachstein'', approximately halfway of the distance LOGO/LOWZ) the valley will widen a bit again, featuring a rocky mountain in the middle of the valley. Continue to follow the railway and river bending nortwest arond the small mountain.
* Near the bigger town of ''Radstadt'' the valley will open significantly. Follow west, heading for the next town ''Altenmark'' at the end of the opening.
* The railway will bend north at ''Altenmark'' and soon join the Autobahn A10/E55. This is the point we need to go southwest and follow the next valley.
* The valley leads us westward to the Town of ''St. Johann/Pongau''. probably around the middle of the valley you can spot the prominent ''Mt. Hochkönig'' (2941m) northwest of ''St. Johann'' and the ''Tennengebirge'' to its right.
* Once reaching ''St. Johann'', continue to follow the next big valley west-southwest.
* After about 16 miles you will reach ''Zell am See'' (LOWZ) where we will land after around one hour flight time in total. Beware this is a short field.

== Zell am See to Innsbruck via Mt. Venediger ==
[[File:LOWZ-LOWI.jpg|thumb|The route for Zell am See to Innsbruck]]
This flight will bring you to two of the core peaks of the Alpenhauptkamm.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.201656734623775,12.160079968084839&chart=301&zoom=3&fpl=N0100A120%20LOWZ%20LOWZ%204708N01241E%204708N01221E%204706N01214E%204710N01152E%204724N01150E%20LOWI SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip.
* Trip takes around 45 minutes air time at 110 KTAS.
* Climb to at an altitude of about 10000ft or so after starting from [[:File:Lowz-parking.jpg|Zell am See]].

* After starting fly into the valley southwest over the town of ''Kaprun''. Maybe you need to circle a bit to gain altitude, near the mountains we need at least about 10000ft!
* Follow the valley until you overfly two lakes (''Stausee Wasserfallboden'' and ''Moorboden''). To your left you can see ''Mt. Großes Wiesbachhorn'' (3564m).
* The end of the valley goes over into a flank of the ''Großglockner'' which is near to the south. Follow the west bend of the valley end and fly over the lakes ''Tauernmoossee'' and ''Weißsee''. After you climb out of the valley, you already should see the peak of ''Mt. Venediger'' on the front left. Aim to the saddle right of its peak.
* You then fly that direction over several valleys that go from south to north, until you hit the very big valley that bend from south to west. The ridgeline right of that valley is the border between the Austrian states Tirol and Salzburg. Follow the valley up to the ''Venediger'', passing the ''Mt. Sandebentörl'' (2751m), still aiming for the saddle.
* Shortly after you reach the end of the valley and need to overfly the saddle with the glacier ''Venedigerkees'' behind it. The ridgeline is again the border between Tirol and Salzburg. Directly south of the ''Venedigerkees'' is the pyramid of ''Mt. Venediger''.
* Follow ''Venedigers'' ridge to the southwest, skip the first valley and overfly the next ridge.
* From here you can deviate into the valley north and visit the ''Krimmler Wasserfälle'', and from there west trough the main valley.
* If you instead follow the planned route westwards, aim to the peak of ''Mt. Zillerplattenspitze'' (3148m) with the small lake ''Eissee'' to its south flank which you should already see. This is a little hard to get right, but don't fly directly into the big valley but aim right to the second row mountain peaks at about 280 heading.
* Overfly the ridge with ''Eissee'' and follow the valley from there nothwest with the reservoir ''Zillergründl'' and ''Mt. Reichenspitze'' (3303m) to its right; until you reach the town ''Mayrhofen'' where the current valley meets the ''Zillertal'' valley. You also should start to descend now to about 3500ft with a rate of roughly -1000fpm.
* From ''Mayrhofen'' follow the ''Zillertal'' valley north and when reaching the ''Inntal'' valley near the town ''Jenbach'', Innsbruck Airport is a few minutes to the west. If you like, you can divert north at ''Jenbach'' to visit ''Achensee'', and even continue further north to land at Munich via lake ''Tegernsee'' or via the Isartal over ''Bad Tölz''.

== Crossing the alps ==
[[File:ED02-LIPB.jpg|thumb|The route for Fuessen to Bolzano]]
This trip brings us from germany via austria to italy, crossing the alps, visiting the famous castle Neuschwanstein and Mt. Zugspitze, germanys highest peak.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.068251080980836,10.959411633048108&chart=301&zoom=5&fpl=N01204735N01041E%204734N01045E%204729N01042E%204726N01046E%204724N01054E%204712N01054E%204704N01058E%204656N01103E%204655N01106E%204653N01109E%204650N01110E%204648N01113E%204638N01110E%20LIPB SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather and time (I suggest to start with the first light/sunrise).
* There are no helpful navaids for this trip, but Bolzano NDB: 362 BZO may serve as a final guidance.
* Trip takes around 45 minutes air time at 120 KTAS.

* Start at ED02 Fuessen, climb to about 3000 and head southeast to visit castle Neuschwanstein, south of the Forgensee.
* After looking at the castle (challenge: fly close around behind it), we start climbing to 3500 and aim southwestish and cross over from germany to austria.
* Fly into the big valley directing south. East of Reutte start climbing 500fpm to 6000 and follow the railway in the valley to the southeast.
* Once the valley opens significantly, you can see the famous mountain Zugspitze (germanys highest peak, 2962 m) to the front.
* Head southwards around the Mt. Gartnerwand over town Ehrwald and fly between the two small peaks over the Marienbergjoch mountain pass, 1789m/5870ft (between Mt. Wanning and Mt. Marienberg; challenge: who can make it with the least altitude?).

* After overflying the second mountain, to the south comes a new valley called Ötzal where you fly into.
* Follow that valley all the way to the south and slowly climb to at least 8600 now (300fpm or so). Note overflying Längenfelden, where the dominant valley joins from the east with the river Fischbach, halfaway the leg; this looks similar to the end, but isn't.
* Follow the valley until it starts to branch in all different directions at the end (over the town of Sölden and Zwieselstein).
* We follow the Southeast main branch and then turn quickly to a smaller valley branching off directly eastwards (look for the mountain pass road).
* That brings us to the mountain pass of the Timmelsjoch and is the place where we cross over to Italy.

* After passing, we can descend to 2500 or so, following the terrain. Follow the valley and its river "Passer" southeast, and follow its bend to the south.
* Follow the valley and make a nice turn around Mt. Kolbenspitze's east ridge, over San Leonardo, still following the Passer river now southwards.
* Where the valley hits the next big valley "Etschtal", is a bigger famous city called Merano. From there we follow the River Etsch and the Autobahn (highway) to the south and are soon approaching the somewhat hidden airport of Bolzano (LIPB) after an estimated time of somewhat under one hour at 120 knots.

From here you can also continue more to the south to Trento (LIDT, total FT ~1:00) or Verona (LIPX, total FT ~1:20) - just follow the river Etsch to the south! Venezia is also not far away, just ~30 minutes/62nm to the east of Verona.

== Aosta to Innsbruck with instrument approach ==
Depart from Aosta ('''LIMW''') and fly over the Alps to [[Innsbruck Airport|Innsbruck]] ('''LOWI'''), then perform an instrument approach. The final landing must always be visual. For this you will require a fast jet with not one but two working ADFs and one ILS, all to be used simultaneously! Not all aircraft meet these requirements; here is a selection:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Suggested planes
!Plane
!MTOW (t)
!Cockpit
!Wingspan (m)
|-
|707
|141
|Steam
|44.9
|-
|757-200
|116
|EFIS
|38
|-
|Tu-154b
|98
|Steam
|37.5
|-
|A320
|78
|Glass
|35.8
|-
|MD-87
|68
|Steam
|32.8
|-
|Super Constellation
|53
|Steam
|37
|-
|CRJ700
|33
|Glass
|23.2
|-
|An-24B
|21
|Steam
|29.2
|-
|Citation X
|16
|Glass
|19.4
|}
Larger planes are unsuitable for departure from Aosta (and will have trouble fitting on the apron) but are equipped for the instrument approach at Innsbruck; namely the 747-8, 777, MD-11 and 767. Even the 707 is a stretch; make sure it weighs less than 200k pounds or it won't be able to take off from the short runway at Aosta. Smaller planes can take off at maximum weight from Aosta.

* Take off, climb and maintain FL262. When above the mountains, turn to heading 050. Accelerate to Mach 0.8.

* While en route, set your radios as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|+Radio settings
!Radio
!Freq
!Beacon
!Course
|-
|ADF1 active
|413
|KTI
|
|-
|ADF1 standby
|420
|INN
|
|-
|ADF2 active
|313
|AB
|
|-
|ILS active
|109.7
|OEJ
|064
|}

* Set your [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_direction_finder#Radio_magnetic_indicator_(RMI) Radio Magnetic Indicator] to show both ADFs. This instrument is your best friend! With a glass cockpit, make sure to display both ADFs on your nav display, and I strongly recommend "CTR" mode where the nav display shows a full compass rose instead of just an arc.
* Turn to '''KTI''' (on your ADF1) as soon as the signal is stable. This happens long after '''AB''' is stable; both ADFs should now point in the same direction.
* Set your altimeter to the barometric pressure of Innsbruck airport.
* Descend and maintain 13100 ft. This is not a flight level.
* Reduce speed to 160 knots, extend flaps. Note that it takes a full minute to extend the flaps on the 747!
* When you pass '''KTI''', turn to heading 104 and intercept the ILS. Maintain altitude.
* As soon as you intercept the ILS, turn to 064, descend steeply and maintain 3900 ft. ''The ILS does not point to the runway''.
* During this steep descent, switch your ADF1 to '''INN''' (the standby frequency).
* Still following the ILS and descending, set course for '''AB''' on your ADF2. Watch your ADF1 ('''INN''') to triangulate your position in real time.
* When you pass '''AB''', turn steeply right to '''INN''' while maintaining speed and altitude.
* Immediately after your turn, you should see runway 26 on your 1 o'clock. If 26 is active, extend gear and go straight in.
* If 08 is active, proceed to '''INN''' instead, following your ADF1. When you pass '''INN''', turn right heading 260 while still maintaining speed and altitude. This is your downwind. Extend gear.
* When you cross the ILS for the second time, make a steep, descending U-turn to the right and land on 08. Airport elevation is 1900ft. You do have a radio altimeter, don't you?
* If your plane is lightly loaded, you may be able to exit the runway before the end. Otherwise, you have to do a U-turn at the end of the runway.

==Grenoble Le-Versoud==

[[Image:LFLG.jpg|800px]]

France : '''LFLG''' ( Grenoble Le-Versoud ) airport : border of Alps
*P.A.F. home base [http://equipe-flightgear.forumactif.com/ link]
*Scenery : http://clemaez.fr/flightgear/flightgearfrance_05062011.tar.gz
*Texture : http://clemaez.fr/flightgear/pattentextures_maj24082011.tar.gz

* Take-off from Grenoble le Versoud (LFLG). Head south following the general direction of the Alps. Bearing left (East) will take you into high alpine territory, while towards the West lie the plains of the Rhône valley. Once you reach the Mediterranean coast, follow it to land in Marseilles (LFML), Nice (LFMN), or another smaller airport serving the French Riviera.
*Published in [[Custom France Scenery]].

==Gulf of Finland sightseeing tour==
Take a VFR sightseeing tour over the Gulf of Finland from Helsinki to Tallinn! Estonia's landmarks are all recent additions, while Helsinki was one of the first cities to have original models in the scenery model database.

Take off from the smaller EFHF airfield in Helsinki, or try your luck fighting the virtual traffic at Vantaa, and head toward the port of Helsinki. Look for the Hartwall Arena, the Pasila tower, the railway station and the Olympic Stadium along the way. Make your way out over the Gulf flying just west of south - a heading of 190 should set you up nicely for a sightseeing tour of Tallinn. Try to come in from the west and do a sweeping left turn over the capital of Estonia, looking out for the Swissotel, Olympic Hotel, the Television tower, and other important landmarks in the capital city of Estonia. Make sure you look out for St. Olaf's Church, the tallest building in the capital city. Make your way over the Ulemiste Jarv (lake) to land on runway 09 at Tallinn's main airport.

If you desire, you can do a touch-and-go at Tallinn and set your course southeastward, landing at Tartu Airport, which is also modelled in FlightGear.

The distance between Helsinki and Tallinn is about 50 miles or 80 kilometres, while Tartu is twice the distance from Tallinn at 100 miles/160 kilometres. Fly a heading of 135 to get to Tartu from Tallinn.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter October 2010]] by [[User:Statto|Statto]].

==Azores==
[[Image:LPLA-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:LPLA-002.png|thumb|right|approaching island]]
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores Azores], set in the middle of the Atlantic ocean, has had many names. Fortunate Isles, the Blue Islands, the Islands of Tin and Silver, the Islands of the Seven Cities. We can add, the Islands of Amazing Sights and Flights.

Our flight is to celebrate the amazing views FlightGear can give us.

Start your plane at [[Lajes Field]] (LPLA). This once was an emergency landing site for the [[Space Shuttle]] so you will have plenty of room to take off.
We will have to fly an odd pattern. The reason for that: if you don't fly too high (stick around 3000 while you can) you will have some amazing views.

Next, fly towards and over LPPD. Look out the window and enjoy the view. Then head out towards LPHR. If you feel LPHR coming near, look out the window good, you might have to pull your plane up.

Happy flying!
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter August 2011]] by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:LPPD-001.png|thumb|left|over the island]]
[[Image:LPPD-002.png|thumb|right|landing]]

* [[LPLA|LPLA - Lajes Field]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LPLA.pdf chart]
* LPPD - Ponta del gada - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LPPD.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Suggested aircraft===
* [[Cessna 550 Citation II]]

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LPLA --aircraft=Citation-II
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
== Canary Islands Trip ==

An archipelago in the middle of the Atlantic sea, stunning beauty where you won't expect it. Seven islands, seven continents, thats what the canarian people say. And it's true, you will face seven totally different islands and nine different airports.
Take off from the largest one, GCLP, at the main island Gran Canaria. Leave the beautiful island heading to the west, and land at GCTS, the southern airport at Tenerife. Enjoy the view on Spains highest mountain, the glaciered Teide, when flying to La Gomera (GCGM), one of the greenest islands there. Master the short runway, and enjoy the view, before taking the challenge and approach El Hierro (GCHI). A short runway, with cliffs and rocks on both ends will cause you to sweat. From this island, which was claimed to be the western end of the world in medieval times, you'll turn to the beautiful and wild island of La Palma (GCLA). The next approach will be historical, because you are approaching the notorious Tenerife North (GCXO). Yes, I am serious, you will face that airport, where the worst civil plane crash ever took place. But you needn't worry, if you got that far, you will do this approach as easy as any other. The longest flight on your trip will take you to the eastern island, Lanzarote (GCRR). Take a look at the volcanic-red mountains, the vineyards, and the beaches. You want more beaches?? Depart to the south-west, fly over the small island of Los Lobos, and land in the holiday-paradise Fuerteventura. Enjoy dunes, bays, and very nice long beaches, before you finally touch down in Fuerteventura (GCFV). You want to stay? Okay, let's taxi to a parking position, and cut off the engines. If you still want more, fly back to Gran Canaria's GCLP, where we started our trip.

Custom scenery: [[Canary Islands Custom Scenery]] / direct source: https://github.com/D-ECHO/Canarys

=== Suggested Aircraft ===

* small civil aircraft, such as the Cessna Skylane, Skyhawk, or Citation
* small airliners, like the Q400, the ATR72, the CRJ200, or similar

Route by Flycanarias
<gallery></gallery>
==Gibraltar==
''This flight suggestion has originally been published in [[FlightGear Newsletter September 2011]] by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]''

Traffic lights turn red, gates are closed. The only busy main road to the peninsula is closed and all the cars and trucks are waiting patiently. Waiting for a train to pass? No. Waiting for a plane to pass since the main road crosses a busy runway.

On both sides water and being crossed by a busy main road can only be one runway: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Airport Gibraltar airport]!

One would expect an ILS installed on such a tricky runway but no, you will have to guess where it is and how far away it is. Not even an ADF points to it.

Take off from LEMG (Malaga). Go South-West and find the runway of LXGB somewhere to the right of the rock. '''Happy guessing!'''
===Airports===
*'''Departure Airport:''' Málaga/Costa del Sol (LEMG) - [https://aip.enaire.es/AIP/#LEMG Charts (AIP España)]
*'''Destination Airport:''' Gibraltar (LXGB) - [https://www.aidu.mod.uk/aip/pdf/ad/LXGB-Gibraltar-Combined.pdf Charts (UK MIL AIP)]

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200px">
File:LEMG-010.png|Take-Off at Malaga Airport, Costa del Sol
File:LEMG-011.png|Just after departure from Malaga (LEMG)
File:LEMG-013.png|Look for the Gibraltar Rock appearing in the distance
File:LEMG-015.png|On Approach to Gibraltar Airport (LXGB)
</gallery>

===Suggested aircraft===
* [[Piper Aerostar]]

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LEMG --aircraft=aerostar700 --adf1=300 --nav1=300:117.80
=Asia=
==Khorog, Tajikistan==
[[File:Fw190HinduKush.jpeg|left|thumb|Approaching a bank of snow-covered mountains in the south of the Hindu Kush]]
Surrounded by spectacular mountains and nestled in the end of a valley, Khorog Airfield (UT1C) makes an interesting place to land. It can only be approached by flying down the curved valley that snakes in from the North. Flying from here to OPCH (Chitral, Pakistan) at around 500ft AGL all the way is a wonderful way to explore the Hindu Kush mountains.

If you bring a piston engined aircraft, be prepared to adjust the mixture as you climb - at the highest point in the flight, you will be at around 22000ft. Also, don't forget to carry plenty of fuel - there are very few airfields in the Hindu Kush that exist in FlightGear. This is a scenery bug that will hopefully be fixed in the future.

*By[[User:Armchair Ace| Armchair Ace]].

== Central Karakoram range ==
Let's explore one of the highest regions of the planet - the central Karakoram with the densest concentration of mountains of 8000 m and above. We're going to need a good climbing performance for the trip - even the frozen plateau of Baltoro glacier, above which K2 and Gasherbrum V and VI loom, is more than 13,000 ft high.

[[File:Karakoram1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Circling Gasherbrum I]]

Take off from Skardu airport in Pakistan (OPSD). Skardu has a reasonably long (11,944 ft) runway at just 7,316 ft elevation, so you can take a jet, but for instance the [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|Twin Otter]] is more stylish.

South of Skardu lies Deosai park, a famous high plateau, but we turn initially east. There's a chain of lakes which is the Indus river. After about five miles, the Shigar river merges with the Indus. Turn slightly left and follow the Shigar, then follow it into a long and broad lake-filled valley stretching into north-western direction.

Towards the end of the lake, a small tributary river, the Braldu, turns eastward out of the main valley. Follow the Braldu and start climbing (if you haven't done so yet). About 15 miles after turning into the Braldu river valley, two glacier-filled valleys stretch to the north - admire the view!

[[File:Karakoram2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Heading back into Skardu, Nanga Parbat on the horizon]]

Passing a few lakes, you reach finally Baltoro glacier continuing the river valley stretching eastward. Ever climbing, follow the glacier till you reach some kind of T-junction. The glacier arm reaching north leads to K2 (which sadly isn't really there in Flightgear), but just ahead of you are the still rather impressive peaks of Gasherbrum V, VI and I - circle the range and make some pictures!

A good way back to Skardu is to go about 10 miles sourth from the Gasherbrum peaks, then head due west. To your west, you can see the long valleys fall away from the high ranges, to your right is the still glacier-covered high Karakoram. On a clear day (really good visibility selected) you can see the distinctive peak of Nanga Parbat appearing straight ahead on the horizon. The valley of Skardu is quite a distinctive feature and finding back VFR should not be a problem.

== The Paro Challenge ==
[[File:The Paro Challenge route.png|thumb|The route to follow in the maze of valleys between Hashimara Air Base (VE44) and Paro airport (VQPR). Created using OpenStreetMap and the Open Topo layer.]]
The challenge consists in flying as fast and as low as possible from Hashimara (VE44) to Paro (VQPR) while navigating a maze of valleys, steep climbs and sharp turns with only one VOR-DME beacon to guide you (it sits on a mountaintop south of Paro airport). You cannot fly on instruments; this is a 100% visual flight.

Spawn at VE44 (Hashimara Air Force Station). Take off in any direction then turn immediately to heading 013 while staying low. You will see the Himalayas appear on the horizon. Follow the valley as it turns 90° left then make a sharp U-turn (180°) to the right. Fly over the bridge, then U-turn left again (160°). Follow the valley and do another U-turn to the right. Take a deep breath for a couple of nautical miles. Climb to 8500ft while heading 080 to pass over the mountain range. Turn slightly to your right (heading 100) and do a steep dive to 4000ft into the valley. Turn left into the second valley (heading 010), which you will need to follow all the way to Paro airport (VQPR), while climbing slowly to the airport elevation of 7500ft. On the way to Paro, you will pass a monastery on your left. If you don't see this monastery, you've lost yourself in the maze; good luck! After this monastery, follow the valley to the left (heading 290), which will force you to turn right after a few nautical miles. The runway will be hidden behind a hill. You can pass over the hill (steep dive on the other side) or fly to the right of it (steep S-turns), your choice.

=== Suggested aircraft ===
The Paro Challenge is a challenge for most aircraft and most pilots. You will probably not succeed on your first attempt; and successive attempts with various aircraft will renew the challenge.

===== Easy =====
[[Cessna 550 Citation II]], [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|Pilatus PC-6]], [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|De Havilland Canada DHC-6]], [[Zivko Edge 540]].

[[De Havilland Mosquito]], Messerschmitt Bf109G, [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]].

==== Challenging ====
[[Piper PA34-200T Seneca II|Piper Seneca II]], [[Cessna 337G Skymaster|Cessna 337]], [[Antonov An-2]]: keep an eye on your Exhaust Gas Temperature and Cylinder Head Temperature. If you can't lean your mixture, you lose.

Cessna 172, PA-28 or DR-400 with 180hp engines and a light load; [[Cessna 182S]]; Cap 10b. Slower than the above and will require just as much concentration from you, for a longer time.

[[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]], [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86F Sabre]], [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Warthog]]: make high-speed, steep turns while finding your way. Don't black out!

==== Difficult ====
[[JT-5B|JT-5B autogyro]], [[Piper J3 Cub|Piper Super Cub 150hp]]: the Paro challenge takes well over an hour of intense concentration in these unstable aircraft.

Cessna 172, PA-28 or DR-400 with low-power (160hp) engines. You will need to circle several times in the valley during the climb. If you can't lean your mixture, you lose.

[[Boeing 707]], [[Boeing 757-200|757]], [[Tupolev Tu-154B|Tupolev 154]], [[Lockheed Constellation]] if lightly loaded; [[Cessna Citation X]]: Finding your way in these faster aircraft is a challenge. The U-turns before the steep climb are almost impossible without taking shortcuts. The final approach without seeing the runway requires you to control your speed, flaps and landing gear well in advance.

==== Impossible (but you might try to beat them anyway) ====
[[Piper J3 Cub|Piper Cub 65hp]] (cannot climb over 7000ft when fully loaded).

[[Boeing 737-300]] (poor low-speed handling), [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner|787]] (bank limiter).

[[Dassault Mirage 2000-5|Mirage 2000]], [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14B]], [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]: will either stall or black you out during the sharp turns.

=Africa=
==Ngorngoro==
For this [[VFR]] trip we need a strong machine since we will go up from 4000 to about 10,000 feet and since we are in Africa, Tanzania , what better choice is there as the Cessna 208 Caravan, on wheels. We will take off from HTLM, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manyara Lake Manyara], runway 12 (124.5 deg), that has an elevation of 4150 feet. Hit Shift-B so we don't drop off the runway.
[[File:Map Ngorngoro Crater.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Heightmap with visual reference points]]
We will have to change some settings before we take off. There is no snow where we are so: View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5000M). We need a reasonable clear sky since there are quite a few bumps we could hit: Environment=> Global weather=> METAR source=> Fair weather.

Give full throttle and take off. Bank left and make a full circle so we gain some altitude and make a mental note of the airstrip, since this is the only one nearby. Look at the road West towards the airfield.
You will notice that the airstrip is at the edge of a mountain ridge, the lake to the East is quite a lot lower.

We pass over the airstrip towards lake Manyara and turn left keeping the mountains close to our left side, on an initial course of about 30 deg. We keep the mountains to our left and follow our path, our heading will slowly go from 30 to North and takes about 15 mins. During our path we should slowly gain altitude.
[[File:Ol Doinyo Lengai.jpg|thumb|250px|Mt.Kerimasi (left), Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai (ahead)]]
On the '''image''' we see two distinct mountains. The nearest is Mt.Kerimasi, a fun place for hang-gliders, and North Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai, an active volcano. We are heading straight towards [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai]. Just before we would collide we take a sharp left turn heading 225. You will see why we need the altitude now.

The mountain ahead, [http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00161.html#id03702 Mt.Embagai], we see does not appear to be anything spectacular. Aim towards it since we have to go over it.
Coming nearer, if you are high enough, 9000 feet, you will see why this mountain is well worth a visit. It is a crater with a lake inside, lake Embagai (Empakaai). Enter the crater and look around, careful not to loose any height since we'll have to get out again, we need about 10 000 feet. Mesmerized we grab our compass and take a course of 225 again. To get out we might skim against a cloud, be careful. If you don't see a way out take a turn again to wait for the clouds to move out of sight.

After you managed to get out of the crater keep on the course of 225 while descending slowly for about 9 mins. There are some bumps to avoid, like Mt.Olmoti we keep to the right and Mt.Losirua on the left.

After a small hill we enter one of the most amazing places in Africa, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area Ngorngoro Crater], the second biggest crater in the world. A micro climate and amazing wildlife.
Examine the crater and you will notice two lakes, head towards the biggest lake, lake Magadi. When you are above it take a course of 123 to get out of the crater.

After leaving the crater it takes some time before we are near the airstrip again. After about 5 mins we will see a river (left) and a road (right). Follow the road since it will lead us to the airstrip again.

Don't scare the wildebeast!

Notecard:
<tt>
#Fair weather, no snow
#HTLM RW 12 4150 feet
#Course 30 to 0 deg 15 mins, mountains close left
#Head towards /\volcano
#Sharp left turn course 225 deg altitude 9000 feet
#Volcano, lake, 10 000 feet
#Course 225 deg, slow descend 9 min
#Large lake, course 123 deg 5 mins
#River left, road right. Follow road
#Landing 124.5 deg 4150 feet.</tt>

*October 2011 by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]. Published in [[FlightGear_Newsletter_December_2011#Suggested_flights | Newsletter December 2011]].
==Kisimayu to Kilimanjaro==
We have to take a big airliner for this trip. The runways are long enough but for this trip we need some altitude and a slow descend.

We park our Big Bird at HCMK, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismayo_Airport Kisimayu], Somalia, near the East coast of Africa. It's unsure what this airfield is used for but it's a long piece of tarmac. I could not find regular flights to and from this airfield, not so strange, there is no lighting, no radio beacons and... no fuel. What you can find is Global Air Rescue that has an air ambulance service based here (with a [http://www.globalairrescue.com/learjet-35.php Learjet 35]).

Our route will be around 425 nm in length. You know your aircraft and know what altitude you will need to fly.

Our destination, HTKJ, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_International_Airport Kilimanjaro], Tanzania, has only one ILS and I have learned, if an airfield has only one ILS there is probably a reason.

Flight Plan (short version):
#HCMK Kisimayu, length 12,177 ft, no navaids near.
#GAR Garissa [[VOR-DME]] freq 115.7 heading 268° dist 169 nm.
#KB Kilimanjaro [[NDB]] freq 393.0 heading 224° dist 258 nm, here is the holding pattern for the Kilimanjaro runway (and there is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro 19,000 ft] reason for this detour).
#KV Kilimanjaro VOR-DME freq 115.3 heading 70° dist 26 nm.
#HTKJ Kilimanjaro [[ILS]] freq 110.9 runway heading 88° elev 2,900 ft [[AMSL]] length 11,807 ft.

Prepare your flight well to receive amazing views of the landscape during the final steps of the route, if you don't you will discover why some pilots call Kilimanjaro Kill-You-Manjaro.

{{#ev:youtube | KCJi_ZaR8ec}}
Youtube video: Kilimanjaro approach in real, in FG not much different.

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

=Australia and Oceania=

==Hawai'i==
[[Image:Maui03.jpg|thumb|250px]]
Do you use [[TerraSync]]? If so, try a flight around Hawaii! Take off from PHNL in a light aircraft and head west until you hit Pearl Harbor; a right turn north will take you post the USS Arizona Memorial, and the Punchbowl Crater will be to your right. Or, fly east from PHNL past volcanic craters Diamond Head and Koko Head. If you follow the O'ahu coastline north from Koko Head, you can land at either old World War II airbase Bellows Field (now a wildlife reserve in real life) or at Keahole MCAS.

For a potentially more scenic route, fly east toward Molokai, and stay to the north (left) of the island. The northern part of Molokai features huge sea cliffs and a tiny airstrip on the Kalaupapa peninsula - the peninsula being the only respite from the cliffs. A former leper colony existed near the airstrip!

Also of interest are the volcanoes on Maui and the 'Big Island' of Hawai'i - flying VFR in a small plane from PHTO to PHKO over the plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa can be a challenge, as you have to take off from sea level, fly through a pass of 6500 feet, and then drop back down to sea level to land! The Hana coast of northern Maui is also a nice flight - a circumnavigation of Haleakala, starting and ending at PHOG, is quite a nice flight.

The islands will be available through the download center with the next major scenery release, but for now, fire up [[TerraSync]] and your favorite VFR aircraft and have a blast.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter September 2010]] by [[User:Statto|Statto]].

== Hawai'i waterfalls tour ==
This flight will let you discover some of the famous Hawai'ian waterfalls, visiting the Islands of Kauai and Oahu.
{{note| Despite the scenery is very nice, the waterfalls are mostly not modeled (as of 5/2024)}}

* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=21.82733715471215,-158.96200561400335&chart=301&zoom=5&fpl=%20PHBK%202211N15938W%202206N15930W%202204N15925W%20LIH%202135N15817W%202138N15802W%202120N15746W%202116N15748W%20PHNL SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip except the VORTAC LIH 113.500 to cross the sea.
* Trip takes around 90 minutes air time at 110 KTAS.

First part of the trip:
* Start at Parking sands (PHBK), runway 34
* Takeoff, climb to 5000ft and follow the northern coast at about a heading of 030° until you reach Crawlers Ledge (about 8 minutes flight time).
* Turn southeast into the very dominant embayment and watch out for Hanakoa Falls, our first waterfall to visit.
* To your left should be a very dominant valley behind the ridge, featuring a river. Now climb to 6000ft and follow that valley southeastish and visit the famous Weeping wall waterfalls behind the ridge at the end of the valley.
* Bank left slightly (~100° heading), descend to 3000 ft and aim for Wailua waterfalls at the south side of the small hill near the coast (between the two towns).

This concludes the islands waterfalls after about 20 minutes flight.

Now either land at Lihue Airport (PHLI) to your right for a break, or continue the trip and intercept VORTAC LIH 113.500 radial 99/TO. Follow the radial to cross the Kauai Channel until you reach the tip of Oahu Island (the crossing of 63NM takes about 30 minutes at 120 knots. You may also opt to skip and start at PHDH).

* Follow overfly Kawaihapai Airfield (PHDH) and follow the northern coast.
* Shortly you will ovefly a prominent bend from east to nothertheast in the coast, still follow the coast. Note the windfarm appearing to your right ahead.
* Over Waimea (just before the very visible sand beach), turn right and fly to the inland behind (north of) the windfarm. Shortly after passing the wind turbines, look out for Waimea waterfalls.
* Follow the mountains to the southeast of the island and slowly climb to 4000ft (the left side is more rough and scenic).
* North of Diamond Head (a big crater at the south tip of the island) there are several waterfalls (roughly in the middle between Diamond head in the south and Kaneohe in the north), as well as very nice streams coming down the ridge. Also the north side of the ridge is very nice, so consider doing a circle over there.
* Continue south over Diamond head and proceed to land at Honolulu airport (PHNL).

This concludes the trip after about 1:30 hours.

==Brisbane International Airport to Sydney International Airport==
Going from Brisbane International Airport to Sydney International Airport. You should have a heading of about 203. Might take sometime to arrive to this section. Maybe 10-30 mins into the flight. Can't really say but don't give up, you will eventually reach this section of the flight. '''''Your eyes will be rewarded!''''' .

[[Image:Fgfs-screen-020.png|200px]]
[[Image:Fgfs-screen-016.png|200px]]
[[Image:Fgfs-screen-012.png|200px]]
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter April 2011]] by [[User:Vin|Vin]]

=Antarctica=
{{Suggested}}

[[Category:Lists]]

Suggested Flights

2026-08-03T19:58:40Z

Sierra: remove scenery tiles (there is terrasync)

[[FlightGear]] has accurate and realistic terrain. Here are some interesting places where you can do virtual sight seeing.

If you are starting with [[FlightGear Qt launcher|launcher]], you can enter the [[airport]] id and select the runway on the appropriate screen in the Location panel.
If you are starting from the command line you can use the options: <tt>--airport=ABCD</tt> and <tt>--runway=12L</tt>.

*Remember to give a look at the [[Suggested Airports]] page, where you can find a comprehensive list of high quality airports in FlightGear.
*If you enjoy these flights, please consider recording a flight and posting a link to it at the [[Suggested Prerecorded Flights]] page.

'''Remove before flight!''' 

Before you start flying into one of the suggested flights, you should add both the terrain and the Objects to you FlightGear installation; This is well explained on the [[Howto: Install scenery|installing scenery]] page.

p.s. charts are generated using FlightGear data only.

This page includes the flights described on the [http://www.flightgear.org/places.html main website] and the suggested flights from the newsletters. It can serve as an archive for suggested flights from future [[FlightGear Newsletter|newsletters]] or can give a flight if creativity is low that month.

{{TOC limit|3}}

=Cross Continentals or World Tour=

* [[Breitling DC-3 World Tour]][[File:Rect17.png|thumbnail]]
* [[Flying the Hump]]

=North America=
==Round Valley Airport==
[[Image:O09-002.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:O09-003.png|thumb|right|Valley]]
Covalis, CA. The airport is at the West edge of a 7 mile across valley.<BR/>
The predominant wind is a cross wind. Take-offs to the west (if they use the full runway length) often have to fly between 2 small hills and over another valley while gaining altitude. Most pilots take off to the west.<BR/>
It is a paved runway and quite long. It was designated as an emergency recovery field during the Cold War and was used twice that I know of by military aircraft that could not take off again from the field.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
{{Location map | USA
| caption = Latitude: 39.790156 Longitude: -123.266403
| lat_deg = 39.790156
| lon_deg = -123.266403
}}

* O09 - Round valley - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/O09.pdf chart]

===Suggested aircraft===
I have tried this trip using a p38, quite powerful airplane
* [[Lockheed-P38|P38]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=O09 --runway=28 --aircraft=p38
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Half Moon Bay==
[[Image:KHAF-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:KHAF-002.png|thumb|right|Bridge]]
Start at Half Moon Bay, Runway 30, with 32km visibility; Takeoff in the C172 and climb to 1000 feet, then continue north over the water, near the shoreline. Look out the right window frequently. Fly up the coast, overfly the Golden Gate Bridge, continue around the top of the peninsula past downtown SF, then fly on to [[KSFO]] for a landing. We now have lots to see.

If you cannot see the runway in the default 172, you must be flying too high or too slowly. You can start by practicing a bit with a good setup:

'''fgfs --offset-distance=1.5 --altitude=500 --vc=70'''

As soon as FlightGear starts, cut the power to 1500 rpm and drop two notches of flap. Maintain 70 kt. Now, pick your landing spot (a bit down the runway) and try to hold it in the same spot on your windshield. If your landing spot starts moving down, you are too high, and should cut another 100 rpm; if it starts moving up, you are too low, and should add another 100 rpm. Adjust the nose to keep your speed at 70 kt all the way down until you're right above the numbers, then cut power to idle, drop the last notch of flaps, flare, and land.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:KHAF-003.png|thumb|left|surroundings]]
[[Image:World-KHAF.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.513333 Longitude: -122.501111]]
* KHAF - Half Moon Bay - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KHAF.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KSFO-001.png|thumb|left|Before landing]]
Use the default c172 airplane
* [[Cessna C172P]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KHAF --runway=30 --visibility=32000 --aircraft=c172
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Author===
[[User:Hellosimon|Hellosimon]], format and extended by [[User:Francescobrisa|Francescobrisa]].

==Hell's Canyon==
[[Image:25U-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:25U-004.png|thumb|right|Valley]]
Hell's Canyon, Imnaha, OR. This airport is located just west of "Hell's Canyon National Park" which has the Snake River running through it.<br/>
Supposedly it's a 5500 foot drop from the top of the canyon to the river.<BR/>
The airport is located on the brink of this canyon.

See the remarks on the airport page (click on the airport id) ... DOWNDRAFTS, SHEER DROP IN TERRAIN, LIVESTOCK, etc. Don't go here on your first solo x-country. :-)
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:25U-005.png|thumb|left|Landing]]
[[Image:World-25U.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 45.427861 Longitude: -116.693889]]
* 25U - Round valley - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/25U.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:25U-006.png|thumb|left|Landing 2]]
I have tried this trip using a pilatus PC-9M, powerful airplane
* [[PC-9M|PC-9M]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=25U --aircraft=PC-9M
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Crater Lake National Park Tour==
[[Image:64s-003.png|thumb|left|Approaching the lake]]
[[Image:64s-002.png|thumb|right|Direction 40 degrees]]
Prospect, OR.<br/>

Take off and fly at a heading of about 40 degrees until you cross the first distinct ridge in front of you. (several minutes of flight in the navion ... just climb as fast as you can, it will be a close squeek to get over :-)<br/>

Once you clear the ridge and can see beyond it, turn right and fly a heading of about 70 degrees. You should see two shallow peaks off in the distance. Head right between these -- they are the two sides of the crater. As you get closer the shape of the crater will come into view. There's a lake there in real life, hopefully it will be there in flight gear too before long.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:64s-001.png|thumb|left|Leaving the 64S airfield]]
[[Image:World-64S.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 42.743183 Longitude: -122.488092]]
* 64S - Prospect State - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/64S.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:64s-004.png|thumb|left|Lake view 1]]
[[Image:64s-005.png|thumb|right|Lake view 2]]

* [[Ryan_Navion|Navion]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=64S --runway=02 --aircraft=navion
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Grand Canyon Tour==
[[Image:Grand_Canyon_Tour_4.jpg|700px|frameless|center]]
Being a special place, there are also special flight rules for VFR traffic around the Grand Canyon. There are multiple no-fly-zones set up and VFR traffic is only allowed to fly via the designated corridors. If you want to fly realistically, avoid these zones in FlightGear as well, following for example the [https://skyvector.com/?ll=36.18649251415492,-112.52223157994264&chart=230&zoom=5&fpl=%20KGCN%20VPGCF%20VPGCG%20VPGCD%20VPGCC%20VPGCA%203608N11252W%203609N11309W%201Z1%201G4%203AZ5 route shown here. (skyvector link)]

This flight takes you from KGCN, the Grand Canyon National Park airport, to 3AZ5, a small airfield called Hualapai located south of the Grand Canyon. Departing from KGCN, fly north-west bound to reach the canyon. From there, either follow the route shown on skyvector above, or fly visually through the canyon westbound towards 1Z1, Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip. From there on, continue flying westward to 1G4. Called Grand Canyon West, 1G4 also marks about the western end of the canyon. To get to your destination 3AZ5, continue along the southern rim, flying eastward now. Shortly after leaving the breathtaking valley behind you, you will already reach your destination. Land and let your engine and your mind cool down from the special views :)

===Gallery===
<gallery>
Grand_Canyon_Tour_2.jpg
Grand_Canyon_Tour_3.jpg
Grand_Canyon_Tour_1.jpg
</gallery>

===Airports===
* KGCN - Grand Canyon National Park Airport - [https://www.aopa.org/destinations/airports/KGCN/details aopa.org]
* 1Z1 - Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/1Z1 airnav.com]
* 1G4 - Grand Canyon West - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/1G4 airnav.com]
* 3AZ5 - Hualapai - [https://www.airnav.com/airport/3AZ5 airnav.com]

===Suggested aircraft===
Most VFR aircraft with sufficiently big windows will serve the purpose, for example:
*[[Cessna C172P]]
*Optica
*[[Ryan_Navion]]
If you are more interested in flying helicopters, the [[Eurocopter EC130 B4]] with the Grand Canyon Helicopters livery might be for you.

===Links===
*[https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/upload/sfra.pdf Chart of the Grand Canyon special airspace, published by the National Park Service]
*[http://www.swaviator.com/html/issueJJ99/canyon.html An article about flying close to the Grand Canyon]
*[https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/april/flight-training-magazine/road-trip-grand-canyon AOPA Flight suggestion]

==Ranger Creek Airport==
[[File:21w-1.jpg|500px|center|Waiting for departure at Ranger Creek]]
Ranger Creek Airport is located in Greenwater, Washington, USA. Being wedged into the bottom of a steep canyon, you'll definitely need to be on your toes to get in and out of there. Switch on Advanced Weather and Live Data to experience what the winds can do to you in real life!
===Airports and coordinates===
* 21W - Ranger Creek - [http://www.airnav.com/airport/21W airnav.com]
===Gallery===
<gallery>
Ranger_Creek1.jpg|Departing between the mountains
Ranger_Creek_2.jpg|Looking back towards the airfield
Ranger_Creek_3.jpg|Downwind for approach back to Ranger Creek
</gallery>
===Suggested aircraft===
For this flight, the Piper PA-18 SuperCub is suggested, this is included in the [[Piper J3 Cub]] package

==Mount Rainier Tour==
[[Image:WA20-002.png|thumb|left|The mountain from far away]]
[[Image:WA20-006.png|thumb|right|external view]]
Eatonville, WA. Start out at Swanson Airport in Eatonville, WA. Take off and fly a heading of about 90 degrees. You will need to fly for 5-10 minutes before the mountain comes into view. Be patient if you don't see it right away, it will dwarf everything in it's vicinity.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-WA20.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 46.87588502 Longitude: -122.25733500]]

* WA20 - Swanson - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/WA20.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:WA20-007.png|thumb|left|external near view]]
[[Image:WA20-009.png|thumb|right|external near view]]
* [[mosquito]]

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=WA20 --aircraft=mosquito
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Death Valley Tour==
[[Image:L06-001.png|thumb|left|in the air]]
[[Image:Furnace-creek.jpg|thumb|left|real life view of Furnace Creek Airfield]]
[[Image:L06-002.png|thumb|right|in the air]]
Furnace Creek, CA. This starts you right in the middle of Death Valley which runs north & south. If you head south about 15 miles you'll hit the lowest point in the USA, 282 feet (86 meters) below sea level.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-L06.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 36.46451100 Longitude: -116.88139422]]
* L06 - Furnace Creek - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/L06.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:L06-003.png|thumb|left|in the air]]
[[Image:L06-004.png|thumb|right|in the air]]
* [[rallye-MS893]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=L06 --aircraft=rallye-MS893
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Utah==
!!! Work in progress !!!<BR/>

Escalante Muni Airport, Escalante, UT. This airport is east and a bit north of Bryce Canyon National park. If you head mostly south and a bit east you'll eventually hit the Grand Canyon. It is sandwiched between the Dixie National forest to the north and the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument to the south. There should be interesting stuff to see no matter which direction you head.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-1L7.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.75054400 Longitude: -111.57578300]]
* 1L7 - Escalante Muni - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/1L7.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=1L7 --aircraft=pa18
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Lake County Airport (CO)==
[[Image:KLXV-001.png|thumb|left|Adjust mixture !]]
[[Image:KLXV-002.png|thumb|right|The terrain will be covered by snow]]
Lake County Airport, Leadville, CO. This airport is at an elevation of 9927 making it a bit of a challenge to get into and out of with a standard C172.<BR/>
Make sure you lean out your engine before taking off and read up on density altitude before you try this one in real life.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:KLXV-003.png|thumb|left|The airport]]
[[Image:World-KLXV.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 39.22812500 Longitude: -106.31835600]]
* KLXV - Lake Co - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KLXV.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KLXV-004.png|thumb|left|I like this panorama]]
[[Image:KLXV-005.png|thumb|right|The nearby lake]]
* [[Cessna C172P]]

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
[[Image:KLXV-006.png|thumb|left|Landing...]]
fgfs --airport=KLXV --aircraft=c172p
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Caribbean - Saint Martin and St. Kitts==
[[Image:TNCM-003.png|thumb|left|just after the take off]]
[[Image:TNCM-004.png|thumb|right|some nearby island]]
Pilots of the Caribbeans is an informal FlightGear community of users who fly around the small Caribbean islands, many of which have custom scenery and improved landclass data. (For details see Pilots of the Caribbean)<BR/>

[[TNCM|Princess Juliana International Airport (TNCM)]] at the isle of Saint Martin, is one of the most popular airports in FlightGear. In large part due to the custom objects and land cover. However, St. Marten is only one of several detailed airports in the region - and, while the approach for TNCM is one of the most memorable in the whole world, the land cover for St. Kitts and Nevis makes it a lovely place to fly.

British Airways, US Airways and American Airlines, among others, all fly into St. Kitts' Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport (TKPK) in real life.

Take off from TKPK in a [[Piper_J3_Cub|Piper Cub]] and make a northward, clockwise circle of the island. Start your descent on the east side of the island, and focus on the small hill which separates the north from the south. Start hugging the coast near the beach and look to the west - as soon as the railroad heads to the southwest, you're about ready to turn for final. Make your right hand turn for final and taxi to the terminal.

If you want to fully explore this whole country, take off in a Beaver, which has a little more speed, and fly a figure eight. Take off from TKPK and circle the airport to the north like in the Cub. Then instead of landing, perform a touch-and-go and turn left over the boat terminal and make for the west coast of Nevis. Enjoy the beauty of the south coast of St. Kitts before circling Nevis. Over Nevis, you have several options - cut your flight short and land at [[TKPN]] on the island of Nevis, complete the "figure eight" by heading back to TKPK, or check your fuel and head east across the Caribbean to Antigua (which does not have custom land cover).
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-TNCM.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 18.040953 Longitude: -63.108900]]

* [[TNCM|TNCM - Princess Juliana International Airport]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TNCM.pdf chart]
* TKPK - Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TKPK.pdf chart]
* TKPN - Vance Winkworth Amory Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TKPN.pdf chart]
others interesting airports in the area:
* TFFF - Le Lamentin - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TFFF.pdf chart]
* [[MDPP|MDPP - Gregorio Luperon Intl]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/MDPP.pdf chart]
* TJSJ - Luis Munoz Marin Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TJSJ.pdf chart]
* FMEE - St Denis Gillot - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/FMEE.pdf chart]
* TFFG - Grand Case - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/TFFG.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:TNCM-005.png|thumb|left|amazing]]
[[Image:TNCM-006.png|thumb|right|landing]]
* [[Piper_J3_Cub|Piper Cub]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=TKPK --aircraft=Cub
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Author===
By [[User:Statto|Statto]], format and extended by [[User:Francescobrisa|Francescobrisa]].

==Friedman Memorial Airport (Idaho)==
[[Image:KSUN-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:KSUN-002.png|thumb|right|nearby]]
Friedman Memorial Airport, Hailey, Idaho. This airport is nestled in a valley surrounded by significant terrain. It's one that shows up quite often in accident investigations.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-KSUN.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 43.51223900 Longitude: -114.30376100]]
* KSUN - Friedman Mem - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KSUN.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KSUN-003.png|thumb|left|landing]]
[[Image:KSUN-004.png|thumb|right|landing]]
* [[FK9MK2]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KSUN --aircraft=fk9mk2
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

== Wyoming - Grand Teton ==
Jackson Hole (KJAC) airport is located at around 6,400ft right next to the Teton range of mountains. The Tetons rise straight out of the plains, gaining over 5,000ft in 2 miles.

You will need the w120n40 scenery.

Tower frequency at KJAC is 118.07. Due to the high altitude, you will need to lean non-turbocharged piston aircraft before take-off. Don't forget that take-off distances will also be longer.

After take-off head to the North East. Grand Teton is the highest of the three peaks that rise straight from the flat-lands. Follow the line of mountains to the East, passing over Jenny Lake. After a couple of miles you will reach a huge lake. The large bulk of a mountain to the East is Mount Moran.

The Teton Mountain range is surprisingly thin - really just a string of mountains running SW-NE. Flying fast jets down the steep valleys is recommended.
* By [[User:Stuart|Stuart]].

== Virginia Eastern Shore, Chesapeake Bay-Bridge Tunnel Sightseeing ==
[[Image:KTGI-001.png|thumb|left|before take off]]
[[Image:KTGI-002.png|thumb|right|right after take off]]

Take a short VFR trip from Tangier Island to view the famous Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting Cape Charles to Cape Henry. Depart historic Tangier Island (KTGI) situated in the Chesapeake Bay and land at Norfolk International Airport (KORF), Norfolk, Virginia. The scenic character of the flight is enhanced by leaving the island at dusk. The flight is both scenic and challenging. Frequently, when flying with real weather, you will have a steady wind blowing across the bay. Starting out quiet Tangier and arriving at busy, glittering Norfolk International (KORF) gives the flight some contrast.

'''fgfs --airport=KTGI --runway=20 --timeofday=dusk'''

Before leaving Tangier: Set your altimeter to the prevailing barometric temperature. Set your communications radio to the Norfolk Intl. (KORF) ATIS frequency of 127.150 MHz to listen for weather reports in the destination area. Set your navigation radio to 112.20 MHz to pick up the Cape Charles (CCV) VOR. Set your heading bug to the runway heading, 200.

Takeoff straight, flying the runway heading. Climb to 2000ft and maintain.

Shortly, you should see the VOR assigned to NAV1 display receive a steady signal (the OFF flag will disappear). The DME should also settle down and display the distance to the Cape Charles VOR station. The flight to CCV will be about 26 nautical miles. As you fly, it will show your airspeed and time to arrival. It should take about ten minutes.

Turn the OBS knob until the VOR displays the TO flag and 190 degrees, the heading you should now turn to.

Fly south from Tangier, crossing an expanse of water, about ten miles until you see the Virginia Eastern Shore. You'll come upon the grass airstrip of Chance (VA89) a few minutes out from Tangier. Beyond are two flashing tower beacons. You may catch a glimpse of Weirwood/Kellam (W08) on the ocean shore, recognizable by two crossing dirt strips.

If you look carefully, you may see the little white building that is the Cape Charles VOR station. As you fly over VOR the flag will change from TO to FROM and the needle will deflect. Do not try to follow the needle. Wait until you are past the VOR. As you cross the VOR station, you should see a highway slanting across your path toward the south west. Turn to follow this highway. You'll come across a lone tower with beacon along the roadside. You'll see an access road stretching from the tower complex to the main road.

If the sky conditions permit, you may try your hand at wayfinding by following the road. If visiblity is poor, set the VOR to 180 degrees to parallel the road to the end of the peninsula. Or you can continue to fly outbound from the VOR on 190 by maintaining the same heading. The VOR needle should return to center with the FROM flag displaying. This will put you west of the bridge with a good view and the option to turn towards KORF near the initial approach fix. If you follow the highway you will need to overfly the airport, but if you stay on the 190 heading, you will be in a position to make a straight in landing.

As you fly down the peninsula you'll pass Cherrystone, Eagle's Nest, Scott and Bull Farm grass airstrips. Bull Farm is the last strip before the mouth of the Chesapeake. Just past Scott Farm you should see the first glimmer of the northern leg of the bridge. The grass strips can be very difficult to see.

As you reach the end of the peninsula, be careful to avoid the tower on Fisherman's Island at the north end of the north leg of the bridge (Note the bridge is not modeled by FlightGear...but I hope to work up one eventually). Next comes the north middle leg. Turn right a few degrees to follow the south middle leg. Watch as the deck plunges beneath the waves to allow ships to navigate the north and south channels.

As Cape Henry approaches, you'll see the Norfolk International airport to the right and the southern leg of the bridge touching the shore.

If you intend to land at KORF, you will want to start your approach soon. Otherwise, you may continue to follow the bridge to the end. Make the approach to KORF by contacting the tower for vectors. Or use the ILS.

This is a good flight to practice VOR flying on. It is a very straight flight path to the VOR requiring little adjustment and there are no other VORs in the area to confuse you.
*June 2006 by [[User:Sek|Sek]].

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:World-KTGI.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 37.8250835 Longitude: -75.9976665]]
* KTGI - Tangier Island - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KTGI.pdf chart]
* KORF - Norfolk International - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/KORF.pdf chart]

===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:KTGI-003.png|thumb|left|surroundings]]
[[Image:KORF-001.png|thumb|right|landing to KORF]]
I have tried this trip using a Seneca II
* [[Piper PA34-200T Seneca II]]
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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=KTGI --runway=20 --timeofday=dusk --aircraft=SenecaII
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==Prince George to Calgary Springbank==
A beautiful flight is from Prince George (CYXS), to Calgary Springbank (CYBW). Route created by reed, which can be seen at {{forum link|t=9772|text=the forums}}
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter November 2010]] By [[User:Cael|Cael]].
==Ketchikan to Juneau==
It's cold where we will go so dress up warm and if we are lucky we might see whales during our flight. Don't fly too high to enjoy the amazing views, and there is a small challenge at the end. The runways we will use are long enough for bigger aircraft (7000+). Total length of the trip will be around 245 NM. So, hop in the cockpit of your favourite airliner.

Alaska, here we come! Enjoy!
#Park your aircraft on PAKT, [http://www.borough.ketchikan.ak.us/airport/airport_history.htm Ketchikan International], runway 11. The wind is coming from '''South''', change the weather if needed (SE is ok too).
#Fly North towards [[NDB]] Fredericks Point on 372.0 for 94 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Five Fingers on 295.0 for 39 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Gustavus on 219.0 for 77 NM.
#Fly towards [[NDB]] Coghlan Island on 212.0 for 32 NM.
#Set the [[ILS]] on 109.9 and land your aircraft (after 4 NM) on PAJN, [http://www.juneau.org/airport/ Juneau International], runway 08.
If you feel warm after this landing, you just crossed a NORAD microwave site, so that is why.
*October 2011 by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]] [[FlightGear Newsletter November 2011]]
==Searching Wizard Island==
*USA, Oregon, Klamath County
With one [[VORTAC]] behind our back we do an [[IFR]]/[[VFR]] search of Wizard Island, a mysterious place, a sacred place for native Americans. You might even find the <tt>Old Man of the Lake</tt>.

Don't pull up the map, that would spoil the surprise but I promise '''unique views'''. We will land on a short lawn runway. Terrain [[altitude]] will range from 4,000 to a max of 8,930 feet and down again. Total length of the trip will be about 50 NM. Select your aircraft with care. It must have one working navigational radio (VOR-DME), a strong engine, a strong undercarriage, must be capable of a good climb and a steep descend. I suggest to use Fair weather (Environment=>Global Weather). If needed remove some clouds (View=>Rendering Options=>Slider 3d Clouds to the left).
[[File:Mount Scott.jpg|thumb|250 px|Mount Scott (8,929 feet) just after depart from 2S7 (Two Sierra Seven). Wizard Island is just to the North-West of it.]]
*Park your aircraft on 2S7 (Two Sierra Seven), Chiloguin-State.
*Set [[NAV1]] on 115.9 (Klamath Falls VORTAC) and on radial 323<sup>o</sup> (Magnetic). We are at an [[elevation]] of 4,217 feet. Set QNH. Set heading bug at 275<sup>o</sup> (Magn).
*Take off an fly the course set with the heading bug.
*Intercept the radial.
*Monitor distance and you will find Wizard Island at 50 NM from Klamath Falls. The island has an elevation of 6,673 feet. I suggest a full 360<sup>o</sup> turn, take pictures.
*Set radial 318<sup>o</sup>, keep the same frequency. Do a new radial intercept.
*Try and find the airstrip (3S6, Three Sierra Six, Toketee-State) at 71 NM from Klamath Falls with an elevation of 3,361 feet, runway heading 275<sup>o</sup> (Magn). There are bumps around you should avoid.
*If you are capable of finding the island, finding the airstrip and landing without a crash, in one go..., you are a wizard.

Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_Lake this link] '''after''' you have landed so you know what amazing landscape you have seen.

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

=South America=
==Southern Tip of Chile==
[[Image:Scgz-001.png|thumb|left|right after take off]]
[[Image:Scgz-004.png|thumb|right|Some part of the scenery]]
Gary Carvell: Here is a suggestion for the FlightGear Places to Fly page. I don't have any particular routes, just fly around and enjoy the gorgeous scenery.<BR/>
These three airports are in the same region of the very southern tip of Argentina. This area is a scenic wonderland - a maze of islands, mountains, and ocean channels. Hours of entertainment.<BR/>
SCGZ - Puerto Williams Guardiamarina Zanartu Airport, Chile Located on the north coast of Isla Navarino facing the Beagle Channel. At 55 deg S. longitude, Puerto Williams is considered the southernmost town in the world.<BR/>
SAWH - Ushuaia Islas Malvinas Airport
SAWO - Ushuaia Est Aeronaval Airport
Ushuaia, on the south coast of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, on the the Beagle Channel.
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===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:Sawh-004.png|thumb|left|Approaching Ushumaia Malvinas Argentinas]]
[[Image:World-scgz.png|thumb|right|Latitude: -54.931072 Longitude: -67.626261]]

* SCGZ - Guardiamarina Zanartu - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SCGZ.pdf chart]
* SAWH - Ushuaia Malvinas Argentinas - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SAWH.pdf chart]
* SAWO - Ushuaia Est Aeronaval - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SAWO.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:Scgz-002.png|thumb|left|Just left the scgz airport]]
I personally like to fly this area in the [[Consolidated_Aircraft_PBY_Catalina|Catalina]], it's a great sightseeing plane with the advantage that you can take off and land just about anywhere.
* [[Consolidated_Aircraft_PBY_Catalina|Catalina]]
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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=SCGZ --aircraft=Catalina
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==Copacabana to San Rafael over Lake Titicaca==
Bolivia to Peru. This trip will lead you over one of the highest and deepest lakes in the world towards the highest airfield in the world. It a demonstration of a [[IFR]] flight towards a fix and a demonstration how accurate FlightGear simulates air density and the effects it has on aircraft.
[[File:Slcc-sprf.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Flight and fix SLCC to SPRF]]
Place your aircraft on the airfield [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copacabana,_Bolivia SLCC, Copacabana], with an [[elevation]] of 12,592 feet. FlightGear will show snow all around you but that is not very realistic so let's clean up. View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5,000M).

We will fly towards and land at SPRF. If you would enter SLCC and SPRF in [[Kelpie]] planner you probably would not be able to find SPRF. To find SPRF I am adding an additional VOR-DME station and for a good fix give you another VOR-DME. Try Kelpie planner to plan this route and compare with this suggestion.

Equipment preparation. Set [[NAV1]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliaca Juliaca] VOR-DME on 155.55 with a radial of 311° (magnetic). Set [[NAV2]] to Arequipa VOR-DME on 113.7 with a radial of 212°. During our flight we will fly with [[true altitude]] as set with [[QNH]], keep QNH updated. Arm the autopilot with the [[heading bug]] at 311° and an initial altitude of 13,500 feet.

Take off and if you took the wrong RW pull up hard. Take a small tour over [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicaca lake Titicaca], see the floating islands and try to find the lost golden treasure. Intercept the nearest radial on NAV1 towards Juliaca (about 311°).

Just before Juliaca is a hill so while on lake Titicaca increase altitude to 14,200 feet, the [[VFR]] part of this trip is over. After passing Juliaca set the radial of NAV1 to 352° and set the altitude to 17,422 feet. We will fly from NAV1 and slowly increase altitude.

At a distance of about 60 NM set the heading bug on the current course. Monitor the distance to NAV1, the radial of NAV2 and the distance to NAV2. At a distance of 74.5 NM to NAV1, a distance of 140.7 NM and at the '''radial''' intercept of NAV2 should be the runway. So, from 60 NM onwards, look outside the window, then at NAV1 and then NAV2 etc.

If you are at 80NM to NAV1 you have missed the airfield but you still won't hit any hills (unless you bank left). Bank right and set the heading bug to 172°. Fly back towards NAV1 and intercept the radial 352° at about 50NM again to repeat the search.

The runway SPRF, San Rafael, has a elevation of 14,422 feet and a heading of 297°/ 117°. Our initial altitude has been set 3,000NM above the RW elevation. That should give sufficient room for navigation.

After you have seen the airfield set the radial of NAV1 to 297°, the heading of the runway (not the course to the runway) as a visual aid. Land on RW 30 (and not on RW 12 unless you are a show-off). Oh, there is a small hill in front of RW 30, just so you know.

Decreasing speed at this altitude can be a bit tricky. The air is thin and does not give much resistance. Next to that, the difference between [[indicated airspeed]] and [[ground speed]] is very noticeable. The ground speed is much higher as the indicated airspeed.

After a successful landing, try to discover the origin of the Amazon river since we are now at the starting point of that trip.
* By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

==Origin of the Amazon River==
[[Image:SPRF-001.png|thumb|left|high altitude]]
[[Image:SPRF-002.png|thumb|right|high altitude]]
Peru. For this [[IFR]] tour (with [[VFR]] parts) we take off from the highest airfield in the world to discover the origin of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River Amazon river] in South America. I promise spectacular mountains and valleys. The total length of this trip is about 175 NM.

Place your aircraft on the airfield SPRF, San Rafael. FlightGear will show snow all around you but that is not very realistic so let's clean up. View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5,000M).

Equipment preparation: Set [[NAV1]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa Arequipa] VOR-DME at 113.7 with a radial of 176° (magnetic). Set [[NAV2]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco Cusco] VOR-DME at 114.9 also with a radial of 176°.
Set [[QNH]] and during flight keep correcting it, it's a bad idea to use [[Pressure altitude]] during this flight. Set the [[heading bug]] to 250°. Arm the [[autopilot]] and set the initial [[altitude]] to 16,000 feet.

The airfield SPRF, San Rafael has an [[elevation]] of 14,422 feet. That altitude will cause problems during take-off. It takes a lot longer for the aircraft to gain sufficient speed for take-off, also the take-off speed that is needed is higher as you would expect. Perhaps an additional notch of flaps is needed.

Take-off, avoid the bumps (there are plenty) and fly a course of 250°. After about 80 NM you will fly over the radial of NAV1. Intercept the radial towards Arequipa. At a distance of 75 NM towards NAV1 you will have to increase altitude to 19,000 feet.

At a distance of 50 NM towards NAV1 and 118 NM from NAV2 you will see and cross over the mountain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_Mismi Nevado Mismi] with an altitude of 18,362 ft. The rains and water on the area to the right until Nevado Mismi will leave towards the Atlantic ocean through the Amazon river. Anything to the left and after Nevado Mismi will leave towards the Pacific ocean.

After Nevado Mismi you are tempted to descend. Don't. Just before the airfield is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachani Mt.Chachani] with an altitude of 19,872 feet and to the East is the active volcano [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Misti El Misti] with an altitude of 19,101 feet. You can either increase the altitude and fly over the airfield or keep the altitude, even descend and fly between the mountains, your choice depends on the visibility.

Fly using the heading bug and set NAV1 to [[ILS]] 109.7 with a radial of 93.2°. We will land at airfield [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ball%C3%B3n_International_Airport SPQU, Rodriguez ballon], that has an elevation of 8,405 feet. There is a reason this airfield has just one ILS. The area South-West of the airfield is below 11,405 feet and is safe to navigate.

Position the aircraft in front of the runway at an altitude of 11,405 feet, catch the [[glidescope]] at a distance of 9.5 NM and land your aircraft. After landing and parking your aircraft crawl into the tower to look around.

Happy flying!

* By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:SPQU-001.png|thumb|left|pre - landing]]
[[Image:World-SPRF.png|thumb|right|Latitude: -14.267 Longitude: -70.467]]
* SPRF - San Rafael - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SPRF.pdf chart]
* SPQU - Rodriguez Ballon - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/SPQU.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:SPQU-002.png|thumb|right|landed]]
I recomend a powerful jet angine airplane, but not too heavy !
* [[Cessna 550 Citation II]]

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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=SPRF --aircraft=Citation-II
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=Middle East=
==Israel to Jordan over the Dead Sea==
[[Image:LLBS-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:LLBS-002.png|thumb|right|flat land]]
Dead Sea is the lowest water elevation on the Earth. Take off from the Beer-Sheva Teyman airport and head East-North-East. About half way there, after the southern Hebron mountains ridge, there'll be a sharp drop-off down to the Dead Sea --- the lowest exposed point on the Earth.<br/>
<br/>
It's really fun to descend and explore the beautiful coastline. In the real life, you wouldn't like to fly low over this water there of your own will --- while you don't need a life vest in the Dead Sea, the water is pretty caustic there for one's eyes. Once you're done marvelling the sights, continue on to the Queen Alia airport.
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===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:LLBS-006.png|thumb|left|landing in the dead sea, notice the altitude !]]
[[Image:OJAI-007.png|thumb|right|landing at Queen Alia Intl.]]
[[Image:World-LLBS.png|thumb|right|Latitude: 31.29037800 Longitude: 34.71922500]]
* LLBS - Teyman - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LLBS.pdf chart]
* OJAI - Queen Alia Intl - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/OJAI.pdf chart]
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===Suggested aircraft===
[[Image:LLBS-003.png|thumb|left|approaching the dead sea]]
[[Image:LLBS-004.png|thumb|right|there is also a minor airport]]
* [[Albatross]]

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===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LLBS --aircraft=Albatross
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=Europe=
==Edinburgh to Oban==
See article: [[Edinburgh to Oban]].

==Oban to Prestwick==
The west coast of Scotland offers some stunning scenery and a number of small airfields and airports to land at on both the mainland and the small islands the dot the coast. The distances between the various airfields are quite small, and some of the runways are on the short side, so STOL or GA aircraft are ideal. The tour suggested here follows part of a microlight trip I made this month, photos of which can be found [http://www.nanjika.co.uk/photos/gigha/ here].

Oban airport (EGEO) lies on the west coast of Scotland, and offers fuel (both AVGAS and AVTUR) and a North/South tarmac runway.

From Oban it is just a 10 minute flight west to the grass airfield of Glenforsa (EG45), on the north-east coast of the island of Mull. Due to the hills and water channel, this airfield often gets quite strange wind patterns - the weather can be perfect in Oban, but much gustier and windier at Glenforsa. At times the windsocks at either end of the runway can blow in completely opposite directions!

Some distance north of Oban lie the airfields of the Isle of Skye (EG57) and Plockton (EG81). This is an excellent place from which to explore the mountains of the Isle of Skye, known as the Cuilins.

Heading south from Oban, one can follow the coast to the island of Jura, with it's distinctive hills (The Paps of Jura). From Jura one can head south to the island of Islay with its numarous malt whisky distilleries (many of which are modelled in FG). Islay Airport (EGPI) has extensive runways. From Islay head north east to the tiny island of Gigha. Despite it's small size, it too has an airfield (EG44), though the FG version is tarmac rather than grass.

From Gigha head east over the Mull of Kintyre, to the hilly isle of Arran, then north east to the Isle of Bute. Both islands have very small grass airstrips, which are sadly not present in FG. From Bute you can head south east to Prestwick International (EGPK), famous for being the only place Elvis touched down in the UK, and a fine place to end our tour.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter July 2011]] by [[User:Stuart|Stuart]]

== Edinburgh to Dundee ==
Edinburgh Airport (EGPH) is located to the West of the city of Edinburgh and south of the Forth rail and road bridges. You'll need the w010n50 scenery and the latest set of objects from the scenery DB which include a number of models for the Edinburgh area.

From Edinburgh Airport, head north and circle the bridges, then follow the coast on the south eastwards past Edinburgh (watch out for the Castle!) and to East Lothian and Bass Rock - a volcanic plug in the sea that is host to thousands of sea-birds.

There are a number of sights in East Lothian, include a distillery.

If you wish to continue your tour, head back North, crossing the Firth of Forth to the Kingdom of Fife. Head approximated North West, tracking towards the Perth VOR (110.4). There is an airport here (Perth Scone, EGPT), but instead we will now track out on the 090 radial and pick up the ILS to Dundee Airport (108.10) landing beside the sea.
* September 2006 by [[User:Stuart|Stuart]].

==Austrian alps soaring==
Discover the Austrian alps with a glider. [[Pinzgauer Spaziergang]]

== Sightseeing the Alps in a C172 ==
This tour will guide you to many of the most famous mountains, valleys, glaciers, snowfields, winter and summer vacation areas, etc. in the European Alps. In addition there are several hints to visit nearby areas of interest. On the tour you will visit Switzerland, Italy and France.
See the detailed description in: http://www.emmerich-j.de/FGFS/Alp-flying.pdf (mirrored to https://beni.hallinger.org/fgfs.nobackup/Alp-Tour-Jomo/)
*February 2011 by [[User:Jomo|Jomo &dagger;]].;

* The scenic trip does take about 2 hours.
* Skyvector route: https://skyvector.com/?ll=46.464097146192884,7.159790050777061&chart=301&zoom=6&fpl=%20LSZC%204700N00836E%204647N00840E%204642N00836E%204637N00835E%204634N00823E%204634N00812E%204633N00809E%204634N00805E%204634N00801E%204631N00803E%204624N00746E%204619N00745E%204618N00753E%204614N00752E%204612N00749E%204609N00747E%204603N00746E%204601N00745E%204600N00738E%204555N00724E%204555N00712E%204553N00703E%204547N00652E%204549N00649E%204604N00634E%20LSGG

== Salzburg to Zell am See via Hallstatt ==
[[File:LOWS-LOGO-LOWZ.jpg|thumb|The route for Salzburg to Zell am See via Hallstatt]]
This flight will bring you around a very scenic region of the austrian alps.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.5666119817603,13.107925427128999&chart=301&zoom=3&fpl=N0100A040%20LOWS%204735N01311E%204736N01339E%204733N01340E%204733N01343E%204735N01343E%204738N01355E%204727N01357E%20LOWZ SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip.
* Trip takes around 1 hr. air time at 120 KTAS.
* Fly at an altitude of about 4000ft or so (the entire trip can be done at that altitude safely).

* Start ''Salzburg (LOWS)''; follow the Autobahn in the valley to the southeast until you reach the fork at ''Golling''. To the south you see the Mountains of the ''Tennengebirge''.
* Alternatively (and I recommned that), you can also deviate sothwest around ''Mt. Untersberg'' (1972m, hosting germanys longest and deepest cave, the ''Riesending'') to visit lake ''Königsee'' and watch the peaks of the ''Steinernes Meer'' (the dominant and very famous ''Mt. Watzmann'', 2713m!) and north side of the ''Mt. Hochkönig''. You need to climb to at least 6200ft to cross the final ridge at the end of the lake valley. After crossing, descend to 4000ft, follow the valley and fly north at the next valley to rejoin the route.
* Turn east and follow the valley and hills, aim for a prominent V-shaped incision at the end. Fly through there and you suddenly break out at the lake ''Hallstätter See'', a fjord-like lake 125m deep.
* Follow the ''Hallstätter See'' to the south, on its western shore is the famous town of ''Hallstatt''. At the mountain to your right (north of Hallstatt) is a very old settlement dating back to the late bronce age (Hallstattzeit, c. 800–450 BC) and there was a very important Salt mine dating back to that time and important archeological grave findings.
Looking south you can see the ''Dachstein'' (2995 m), a high peak hosting the ''Hirlatzhöhle'', with 120km the twentiest longest and with 1560m sixth deepest cave of planet earth.
* Follow the valley east bend to ''Obertraun'', and then north over the ''Koppenpass'' and the town of ''Bad Aussee''.
* From ''Bad Aussee'', fly straight to the lakes ''Grundlsee'' and ''Toplitzsee'' (you can't see the latter yet).
* Between the two, turn southwards and aim for the reservoir lake ''Salza'' which is in the sharp incision you can see to the south.
* After passing the reservoir, you may try to get down to ''Niederoblarn'' (LOGO) to the southeast, it's a short airfield.
* From there, follow the railway in the valley of Enns westwards, LOWZ is about 20 minutes away. On your right side watch out for the other side of the ''Dachstein'' and the town of ''Schladming'', which lies down in the valley next the rocky hills with the river flowing trough. Look for the railway and the river Enns.
* Behind ''Schladming'' (south of Mt. ''Dachstein'', approximately halfway of the distance LOGO/LOWZ) the valley will widen a bit again, featuring a rocky mountain in the middle of the valley. Continue to follow the railway and river bending nortwest arond the small mountain.
* Near the bigger town of ''Radstadt'' the valley will open significantly. Follow west, heading for the next town ''Altenmark'' at the end of the opening.
* The railway will bend north at ''Altenmark'' and soon join the Autobahn A10/E55. This is the point we need to go southwest and follow the next valley.
* The valley leads us westward to the Town of ''St. Johann/Pongau''. probably around the middle of the valley you can spot the prominent ''Mt. Hochkönig'' (2941m) northwest of ''St. Johann'' and the ''Tennengebirge'' to its right.
* Once reaching ''St. Johann'', continue to follow the next big valley west-southwest.
* After about 16 miles you will reach ''Zell am See'' (LOWZ) where we will land after around one hour flight time in total. Beware this is a short field.

== Zell am See to Innsbruck via Mt. Venediger ==
[[File:LOWZ-LOWI.jpg|thumb|The route for Zell am See to Innsbruck]]
This flight will bring you to two of the core peaks of the Alpenhauptkamm.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.201656734623775,12.160079968084839&chart=301&zoom=3&fpl=N0100A120%20LOWZ%20LOWZ%204708N01241E%204708N01221E%204706N01214E%204710N01152E%204724N01150E%20LOWI SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip.
* Trip takes around 45 minutes air time at 110 KTAS.
* Climb to at an altitude of about 10000ft or so after starting from [[:File:Lowz-parking.jpg|Zell am See]].

* After starting fly into the valley southwest over the town of ''Kaprun''. Maybe you need to circle a bit to gain altitude, near the mountains we need at least about 10000ft!
* Follow the valley until you overfly two lakes (''Stausee Wasserfallboden'' and ''Moorboden''). To your left you can see ''Mt. Großes Wiesbachhorn'' (3564m).
* The end of the valley goes over into a flank of the ''Großglockner'' which is near to the south. Follow the west bend of the valley end and fly over the lakes ''Tauernmoossee'' and ''Weißsee''. After you climb out of the valley, you already should see the peak of ''Mt. Venediger'' on the front left. Aim to the saddle right of its peak.
* You then fly that direction over several valleys that go from south to north, until you hit the very big valley that bend from south to west. The ridgeline right of that valley is the border between the Austrian states Tirol and Salzburg. Follow the valley up to the ''Venediger'', passing the ''Mt. Sandebentörl'' (2751m), still aiming for the saddle.
* Shortly after you reach the end of the valley and need to overfly the saddle with the glacier ''Venedigerkees'' behind it. The ridgeline is again the border between Tirol and Salzburg. Directly south of the ''Venedigerkees'' is the pyramid of ''Mt. Venediger''.
* Follow ''Venedigers'' ridge to the southwest, skip the first valley and overfly the next ridge.
* From here you can deviate into the valley north and visit the ''Krimmler Wasserfälle'', and from there west trough the main valley.
* If you instead follow the planned route westwards, aim to the peak of ''Mt. Zillerplattenspitze'' (3148m) with the small lake ''Eissee'' to its south flank which you should already see. This is a little hard to get right, but don't fly directly into the big valley but aim right to the second row mountain peaks at about 280 heading.
* Overfly the ridge with ''Eissee'' and follow the valley from there nothwest with the reservoir ''Zillergründl'' and ''Mt. Reichenspitze'' (3303m) to its right; until you reach the town ''Mayrhofen'' where the current valley meets the ''Zillertal'' valley. You also should start to descend now to about 3500ft with a rate of roughly -1000fpm.
* From ''Mayrhofen'' follow the ''Zillertal'' valley north and when reaching the ''Inntal'' valley near the town ''Jenbach'', Innsbruck Airport is a few minutes to the west. If you like, you can divert north at ''Jenbach'' to visit ''Achensee'', and even continue further north to land at Munich via lake ''Tegernsee'' or via the Isartal over ''Bad Tölz''.

== Crossing the alps ==
[[File:ED02-LIPB.jpg|thumb|The route for Fuessen to Bolzano]]
This trip brings us from germany via austria to italy, crossing the alps, visiting the famous castle Neuschwanstein and Mt. Zugspitze, germanys highest peak.
* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=47.068251080980836,10.959411633048108&chart=301&zoom=5&fpl=N01204735N01041E%204734N01045E%204729N01042E%204726N01046E%204724N01054E%204712N01054E%204704N01058E%204656N01103E%204655N01106E%204653N01109E%204650N01110E%204648N01113E%204638N01110E%20LIPB SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather and time (I suggest to start with the first light/sunrise).
* There are no helpful navaids for this trip, but Bolzano NDB: 362 BZO may serve as a final guidance.
* Trip takes around 45 minutes air time at 120 KTAS.

* Start at ED02 Fuessen, climb to about 3000 and head southeast to visit castle Neuschwanstein, south of the Forgensee.
* After looking at the castle (challenge: fly close around behind it), we start climbing to 3500 and aim southwestish and cross over from germany to austria.
* Fly into the big valley directing south. East of Reutte start climbing 500fpm to 6000 and follow the railway in the valley to the southeast.
* Once the valley opens significantly, you can see the famous mountain Zugspitze (germanys highest peak, 2962 m) to the front.
* Head southwards around the Mt. Gartnerwand over town Ehrwald and fly between the two small peaks over the Marienbergjoch mountain pass, 1789m/5870ft (between Mt. Wanning and Mt. Marienberg; challenge: who can make it with the least altitude?).

* After overflying the second mountain, to the south comes a new valley called Ötzal where you fly into.
* Follow that valley all the way to the south and slowly climb to at least 8600 now (300fpm or so). Note overflying Längenfelden, where the dominant valley joins from the east with the river Fischbach, halfaway the leg; this looks similar to the end, but isn't.
* Follow the valley until it starts to branch in all different directions at the end (over the town of Sölden and Zwieselstein).
* We follow the Southeast main branch and then turn quickly to a smaller valley branching off directly eastwards (look for the mountain pass road).
* That brings us to the mountain pass of the Timmelsjoch and is the place where we cross over to Italy.

* After passing, we can descend to 2500 or so, following the terrain. Follow the valley and its river "Passer" southeast, and follow its bend to the south.
* Follow the valley and make a nice turn around Mt. Kolbenspitze's east ridge, over San Leonardo, still following the Passer river now southwards.
* Where the valley hits the next big valley "Etschtal", is a bigger famous city called Merano. From there we follow the River Etsch and the Autobahn (highway) to the south and are soon approaching the somewhat hidden airport of Bolzano (LIPB) after an estimated time of somewhat under one hour at 120 knots.

From here you can also continue more to the south to Trento (LIDT, total FT ~1:00) or Verona (LIPX, total FT ~1:20) - just follow the river Etsch to the south! Venezia is also not far away, just ~30 minutes/62nm to the east of Verona.

== Aosta to Innsbruck with instrument approach ==
Depart from Aosta ('''LIMW''') and fly over the Alps to [[Innsbruck Airport|Innsbruck]] ('''LOWI'''), then perform an instrument approach. The final landing must always be visual. For this you will require a fast jet with not one but two working ADFs and one ILS, all to be used simultaneously! Not all aircraft meet these requirements; here is a selection:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Suggested planes
!Plane
!MTOW (t)
!Cockpit
!Wingspan (m)
|-
|707
|141
|Steam
|44.9
|-
|757-200
|116
|EFIS
|38
|-
|Tu-154b
|98
|Steam
|37.5
|-
|A320
|78
|Glass
|35.8
|-
|MD-87
|68
|Steam
|32.8
|-
|Super Constellation
|53
|Steam
|37
|-
|CRJ700
|33
|Glass
|23.2
|-
|An-24B
|21
|Steam
|29.2
|-
|Citation X
|16
|Glass
|19.4
|}
Larger planes are unsuitable for departure from Aosta (and will have trouble fitting on the apron) but are equipped for the instrument approach at Innsbruck; namely the 747-8, 777, MD-11 and 767. Even the 707 is a stretch; make sure it weighs less than 200k pounds or it won't be able to take off from the short runway at Aosta. Smaller planes can take off at maximum weight from Aosta.

* Take off, climb and maintain FL262. When above the mountains, turn to heading 050. Accelerate to Mach 0.8.

* While en route, set your radios as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|+Radio settings
!Radio
!Freq
!Beacon
!Course
|-
|ADF1 active
|413
|KTI
|
|-
|ADF1 standby
|420
|INN
|
|-
|ADF2 active
|313
|AB
|
|-
|ILS active
|109.7
|OEJ
|064
|}

* Set your [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_direction_finder#Radio_magnetic_indicator_(RMI) Radio Magnetic Indicator] to show both ADFs. This instrument is your best friend! With a glass cockpit, make sure to display both ADFs on your nav display, and I strongly recommend "CTR" mode where the nav display shows a full compass rose instead of just an arc.
* Turn to '''KTI''' (on your ADF1) as soon as the signal is stable. This happens long after '''AB''' is stable; both ADFs should now point in the same direction.
* Set your altimeter to the barometric pressure of Innsbruck airport.
* Descend and maintain 13100 ft. This is not a flight level.
* Reduce speed to 160 knots, extend flaps. Note that it takes a full minute to extend the flaps on the 747!
* When you pass '''KTI''', turn to heading 104 and intercept the ILS. Maintain altitude.
* As soon as you intercept the ILS, turn to 064, descend steeply and maintain 3900 ft. ''The ILS does not point to the runway''.
* During this steep descent, switch your ADF1 to '''INN''' (the standby frequency).
* Still following the ILS and descending, set course for '''AB''' on your ADF2. Watch your ADF1 ('''INN''') to triangulate your position in real time.
* When you pass '''AB''', turn steeply right to '''INN''' while maintaining speed and altitude.
* Immediately after your turn, you should see runway 26 on your 1 o'clock. If 26 is active, extend gear and go straight in.
* If 08 is active, proceed to '''INN''' instead, following your ADF1. When you pass '''INN''', turn right heading 260 while still maintaining speed and altitude. This is your downwind. Extend gear.
* When you cross the ILS for the second time, make a steep, descending U-turn to the right and land on 08. Airport elevation is 1900ft. You do have a radio altimeter, don't you?
* If your plane is lightly loaded, you may be able to exit the runway before the end. Otherwise, you have to do a U-turn at the end of the runway.

==Grenoble Le-Versoud==

[[Image:LFLG.jpg|800px]]

France : '''LFLG''' ( Grenoble Le-Versoud ) airport : border of Alps
*P.A.F. home base [http://equipe-flightgear.forumactif.com/ link]
*Scenery : http://clemaez.fr/flightgear/flightgearfrance_05062011.tar.gz
*Texture : http://clemaez.fr/flightgear/pattentextures_maj24082011.tar.gz

* Take-off from Grenoble le Versoud (LFLG). Head south following the general direction of the Alps. Bearing left (East) will take you into high alpine territory, while towards the West lie the plains of the Rhône valley. Once you reach the Mediterranean coast, follow it to land in Marseilles (LFML), Nice (LFMN), or another smaller airport serving the French Riviera.
*Published in [[Custom France Scenery]].

==Gulf of Finland sightseeing tour==
Take a VFR sightseeing tour over the Gulf of Finland from Helsinki to Tallinn! Estonia's landmarks are all recent additions, while Helsinki was one of the first cities to have original models in the scenery model database.

Take off from the smaller EFHF airfield in Helsinki, or try your luck fighting the virtual traffic at Vantaa, and head toward the port of Helsinki. Look for the Hartwall Arena, the Pasila tower, the railway station and the Olympic Stadium along the way. Make your way out over the Gulf flying just west of south - a heading of 190 should set you up nicely for a sightseeing tour of Tallinn. Try to come in from the west and do a sweeping left turn over the capital of Estonia, looking out for the Swissotel, Olympic Hotel, the Television tower, and other important landmarks in the capital city of Estonia. Make sure you look out for St. Olaf's Church, the tallest building in the capital city. Make your way over the Ulemiste Jarv (lake) to land on runway 09 at Tallinn's main airport.

If you desire, you can do a touch-and-go at Tallinn and set your course southeastward, landing at Tartu Airport, which is also modelled in FlightGear.

The distance between Helsinki and Tallinn is about 50 miles or 80 kilometres, while Tartu is twice the distance from Tallinn at 100 miles/160 kilometres. Fly a heading of 135 to get to Tartu from Tallinn.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter October 2010]] by [[User:Statto|Statto]].

==Azores==
[[Image:LPLA-001.png|thumb|left|take off]]
[[Image:LPLA-002.png|thumb|right|approaching island]]
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores Azores], set in the middle of the Atlantic ocean, has had many names. Fortunate Isles, the Blue Islands, the Islands of Tin and Silver, the Islands of the Seven Cities. We can add, the Islands of Amazing Sights and Flights.

Our flight is to celebrate the amazing views FlightGear can give us.

Start your plane at [[Lajes Field]] (LPLA). This once was an emergency landing site for the [[Space Shuttle]] so you will have plenty of room to take off.
We will have to fly an odd pattern. The reason for that: if you don't fly too high (stick around 3000 while you can) you will have some amazing views.

Next, fly towards and over LPPD. Look out the window and enjoy the view. Then head out towards LPHR. If you feel LPHR coming near, look out the window good, you might have to pull your plane up.

Happy flying!
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter August 2011]] by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]

===Airports and coordinates===
[[Image:LPPD-001.png|thumb|left|over the island]]
[[Image:LPPD-002.png|thumb|right|landing]]

* [[LPLA|LPLA - Lajes Field]] - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LPLA.pdf chart]
* LPPD - Ponta del gada - [http://assistenza.larasrl.net/brisa/fgfs/suggested_flights/LPPD.pdf chart]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
===Suggested aircraft===
* [[Cessna 550 Citation II]]

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LPLA --aircraft=Citation-II
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
== Canary Islands Trip ==

An archipelago in the middle of the Atlantic sea, stunning beauty where you won't expect it. Seven islands, seven continents, thats what the canarian people say. And it's true, you will face seven totally different islands and nine different airports.
Take off from the largest one, GCLP, at the main island Gran Canaria. Leave the beautiful island heading to the west, and land at GCTS, the southern airport at Tenerife. Enjoy the view on Spains highest mountain, the glaciered Teide, when flying to La Gomera (GCGM), one of the greenest islands there. Master the short runway, and enjoy the view, before taking the challenge and approach El Hierro (GCHI). A short runway, with cliffs and rocks on both ends will cause you to sweat. From this island, which was claimed to be the western end of the world in medieval times, you'll turn to the beautiful and wild island of La Palma (GCLA). The next approach will be historical, because you are approaching the notorious Tenerife North (GCXO). Yes, I am serious, you will face that airport, where the worst civil plane crash ever took place. But you needn't worry, if you got that far, you will do this approach as easy as any other. The longest flight on your trip will take you to the eastern island, Lanzarote (GCRR). Take a look at the volcanic-red mountains, the vineyards, and the beaches. You want more beaches?? Depart to the south-west, fly over the small island of Los Lobos, and land in the holiday-paradise Fuerteventura. Enjoy dunes, bays, and very nice long beaches, before you finally touch down in Fuerteventura (GCFV). You want to stay? Okay, let's taxi to a parking position, and cut off the engines. If you still want more, fly back to Gran Canaria's GCLP, where we started our trip.

Custom scenery: [[Canary Islands Custom Scenery]] / direct source: https://github.com/D-ECHO/Canarys

=== Suggested Aircraft ===

* small civil aircraft, such as the Cessna Skylane, Skyhawk, or Citation
* small airliners, like the Q400, the ATR72, the CRJ200, or similar

Route by Flycanarias
<gallery></gallery>
==Gibraltar==
''This flight suggestion has originally been published in [[FlightGear Newsletter September 2011]] by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]''

Traffic lights turn red, gates are closed. The only busy main road to the peninsula is closed and all the cars and trucks are waiting patiently. Waiting for a train to pass? No. Waiting for a plane to pass since the main road crosses a busy runway.

On both sides water and being crossed by a busy main road can only be one runway: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Airport Gibraltar airport]!

One would expect an ILS installed on such a tricky runway but no, you will have to guess where it is and how far away it is. Not even an ADF points to it.

Take off from LEMG (Malaga). Go South-West and find the runway of LXGB somewhere to the right of the rock. '''Happy guessing!'''
===Airports===
*'''Departure Airport:''' Málaga/Costa del Sol (LEMG) - [https://aip.enaire.es/AIP/#LEMG Charts (AIP España)]
*'''Destination Airport:''' Gibraltar (LXGB) - [https://www.aidu.mod.uk/aip/pdf/ad/LXGB-Gibraltar-Combined.pdf Charts (UK MIL AIP)]

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200px">
File:LEMG-010.png|Take-Off at Malaga Airport, Costa del Sol
File:LEMG-011.png|Just after departure from Malaga (LEMG)
File:LEMG-013.png|Look for the Gibraltar Rock appearing in the distance
File:LEMG-015.png|On Approach to Gibraltar Airport (LXGB)
</gallery>

===Suggested aircraft===
* [[Piper Aerostar]]

===FlightGear launching===
fgfs --airport=LEMG --aircraft=aerostar700 --adf1=300 --nav1=300:117.80
=Asia=
==Khorog, Tajikistan==
[[File:Fw190HinduKush.jpeg|left|thumb|Approaching a bank of snow-covered mountains in the south of the Hindu Kush]]
Surrounded by spectacular mountains and nestled in the end of a valley, Khorog Airfield (UT1C) makes an interesting place to land. It can only be approached by flying down the curved valley that snakes in from the North. Flying from here to OPCH (Chitral, Pakistan) at around 500ft AGL all the way is a wonderful way to explore the Hindu Kush mountains.

If you bring a piston engined aircraft, be prepared to adjust the mixture as you climb - at the highest point in the flight, you will be at around 22000ft. Also, don't forget to carry plenty of fuel - there are very few airfields in the Hindu Kush that exist in FlightGear. This is a scenery bug that will hopefully be fixed in the future.

*By[[User:Armchair Ace| Armchair Ace]].

== Central Karakoram range ==
Let's explore one of the highest regions of the planet - the central Karakoram with the densest concentration of mountains of 8000 m and above. We're going to need a good climbing performance for the trip - even the frozen plateau of Baltoro glacier, above which K2 and Gasherbrum V and VI loom, is more than 13,000 ft high.

[[File:Karakoram1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Circling Gasherbrum I]]

Take off from Skardu airport in Pakistan (OPSD). Skardu has a reasonably long (11,944 ft) runway at just 7,316 ft elevation, so you can take a jet, but for instance the [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|Twin Otter]] is more stylish.

South of Skardu lies Deosai park, a famous high plateau, but we turn initially east. There's a chain of lakes which is the Indus river. After about five miles, the Shigar river merges with the Indus. Turn slightly left and follow the Shigar, then follow it into a long and broad lake-filled valley stretching into north-western direction.

Towards the end of the lake, a small tributary river, the Braldu, turns eastward out of the main valley. Follow the Braldu and start climbing (if you haven't done so yet). About 15 miles after turning into the Braldu river valley, two glacier-filled valleys stretch to the north - admire the view!

[[File:Karakoram2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Heading back into Skardu, Nanga Parbat on the horizon]]

Passing a few lakes, you reach finally Baltoro glacier continuing the river valley stretching eastward. Ever climbing, follow the glacier till you reach some kind of T-junction. The glacier arm reaching north leads to K2 (which sadly isn't really there in Flightgear), but just ahead of you are the still rather impressive peaks of Gasherbrum V, VI and I - circle the range and make some pictures!

A good way back to Skardu is to go about 10 miles sourth from the Gasherbrum peaks, then head due west. To your west, you can see the long valleys fall away from the high ranges, to your right is the still glacier-covered high Karakoram. On a clear day (really good visibility selected) you can see the distinctive peak of Nanga Parbat appearing straight ahead on the horizon. The valley of Skardu is quite a distinctive feature and finding back VFR should not be a problem.

== The Paro Challenge ==
[[File:The Paro Challenge route.png|thumb|The route to follow in the maze of valleys between Hashimara Air Base (VE44) and Paro airport (VQPR). Created using OpenStreetMap and the Open Topo layer.]]
The challenge consists in flying as fast and as low as possible from Hashimara (VE44) to Paro (VQPR) while navigating a maze of valleys, steep climbs and sharp turns with only one VOR-DME beacon to guide you (it sits on a mountaintop south of Paro airport). You cannot fly on instruments; this is a 100% visual flight.

Spawn at VE44 (Hashimara Air Force Station). Take off in any direction then turn immediately to heading 013 while staying low. You will see the Himalayas appear on the horizon. Follow the valley as it turns 90° left then make a sharp U-turn (180°) to the right. Fly over the bridge, then U-turn left again (160°). Follow the valley and do another U-turn to the right. Take a deep breath for a couple of nautical miles. Climb to 8500ft while heading 080 to pass over the mountain range. Turn slightly to your right (heading 100) and do a steep dive to 4000ft into the valley. Turn left into the second valley (heading 010), which you will need to follow all the way to Paro airport (VQPR), while climbing slowly to the airport elevation of 7500ft. On the way to Paro, you will pass a monastery on your left. If you don't see this monastery, you've lost yourself in the maze; good luck! After this monastery, follow the valley to the left (heading 290), which will force you to turn right after a few nautical miles. The runway will be hidden behind a hill. You can pass over the hill (steep dive on the other side) or fly to the right of it (steep S-turns), your choice.

=== Suggested aircraft ===
The Paro Challenge is a challenge for most aircraft and most pilots. You will probably not succeed on your first attempt; and successive attempts with various aircraft will renew the challenge.

===== Easy =====
[[Cessna 550 Citation II]], [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|Pilatus PC-6]], [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|De Havilland Canada DHC-6]], [[Zivko Edge 540]].

[[De Havilland Mosquito]], Messerschmitt Bf109G, [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]].

==== Challenging ====
[[Piper PA34-200T Seneca II|Piper Seneca II]], [[Cessna 337G Skymaster|Cessna 337]], [[Antonov An-2]]: keep an eye on your Exhaust Gas Temperature and Cylinder Head Temperature. If you can't lean your mixture, you lose.

Cessna 172, PA-28 or DR-400 with 180hp engines and a light load; [[Cessna 182S]]; Cap 10b. Slower than the above and will require just as much concentration from you, for a longer time.

[[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]], [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86F Sabre]], [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Warthog]]: make high-speed, steep turns while finding your way. Don't black out!

==== Difficult ====
[[JT-5B|JT-5B autogyro]], [[Piper J3 Cub|Piper Super Cub 150hp]]: the Paro challenge takes well over an hour of intense concentration in these unstable aircraft.

Cessna 172, PA-28 or DR-400 with low-power (160hp) engines. You will need to circle several times in the valley during the climb. If you can't lean your mixture, you lose.

[[Boeing 707]], [[Boeing 757-200|757]], [[Tupolev Tu-154B|Tupolev 154]], [[Lockheed Constellation]] if lightly loaded; [[Cessna Citation X]]: Finding your way in these faster aircraft is a challenge. The U-turns before the steep climb are almost impossible without taking shortcuts. The final approach without seeing the runway requires you to control your speed, flaps and landing gear well in advance.

==== Impossible (but you might try to beat them anyway) ====
[[Piper J3 Cub|Piper Cub 65hp]] (cannot climb over 7000ft when fully loaded).

[[Boeing 737-300]] (poor low-speed handling), [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner|787]] (bank limiter).

[[Dassault Mirage 2000-5|Mirage 2000]], [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14B]], [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]: will either stall or black you out during the sharp turns.

=Africa=
==Ngorngoro==
For this [[VFR]] trip we need a strong machine since we will go up from 4000 to about 10,000 feet and since we are in Africa, Tanzania , what better choice is there as the Cessna 208 Caravan, on wheels. We will take off from HTLM, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manyara Lake Manyara], runway 12 (124.5 deg), that has an elevation of 4150 feet. Hit Shift-B so we don't drop off the runway.
[[File:Map Ngorngoro Crater.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Heightmap with visual reference points]]
We will have to change some settings before we take off. There is no snow where we are so: View=> Rendering Options=> Snow line=> Set to max. (5000M). We need a reasonable clear sky since there are quite a few bumps we could hit: Environment=> Global weather=> METAR source=> Fair weather.

Give full throttle and take off. Bank left and make a full circle so we gain some altitude and make a mental note of the airstrip, since this is the only one nearby. Look at the road West towards the airfield.
You will notice that the airstrip is at the edge of a mountain ridge, the lake to the East is quite a lot lower.

We pass over the airstrip towards lake Manyara and turn left keeping the mountains close to our left side, on an initial course of about 30 deg. We keep the mountains to our left and follow our path, our heading will slowly go from 30 to North and takes about 15 mins. During our path we should slowly gain altitude.
[[File:Ol Doinyo Lengai.jpg|thumb|250px|Mt.Kerimasi (left), Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai (ahead)]]
On the '''image''' we see two distinct mountains. The nearest is Mt.Kerimasi, a fun place for hang-gliders, and North Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai, an active volcano. We are heading straight towards [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai Mt.Ol Doinyo Lengai]. Just before we would collide we take a sharp left turn heading 225. You will see why we need the altitude now.

The mountain ahead, [http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00161.html#id03702 Mt.Embagai], we see does not appear to be anything spectacular. Aim towards it since we have to go over it.
Coming nearer, if you are high enough, 9000 feet, you will see why this mountain is well worth a visit. It is a crater with a lake inside, lake Embagai (Empakaai). Enter the crater and look around, careful not to loose any height since we'll have to get out again, we need about 10 000 feet. Mesmerized we grab our compass and take a course of 225 again. To get out we might skim against a cloud, be careful. If you don't see a way out take a turn again to wait for the clouds to move out of sight.

After you managed to get out of the crater keep on the course of 225 while descending slowly for about 9 mins. There are some bumps to avoid, like Mt.Olmoti we keep to the right and Mt.Losirua on the left.

After a small hill we enter one of the most amazing places in Africa, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area Ngorngoro Crater], the second biggest crater in the world. A micro climate and amazing wildlife.
Examine the crater and you will notice two lakes, head towards the biggest lake, lake Magadi. When you are above it take a course of 123 to get out of the crater.

After leaving the crater it takes some time before we are near the airstrip again. After about 5 mins we will see a river (left) and a road (right). Follow the road since it will lead us to the airstrip again.

Don't scare the wildebeast!

Notecard:
<tt>
#Fair weather, no snow
#HTLM RW 12 4150 feet
#Course 30 to 0 deg 15 mins, mountains close left
#Head towards /\volcano
#Sharp left turn course 225 deg altitude 9000 feet
#Volcano, lake, 10 000 feet
#Course 225 deg, slow descend 9 min
#Large lake, course 123 deg 5 mins
#River left, road right. Follow road
#Landing 124.5 deg 4150 feet.</tt>

*October 2011 by [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]]. Published in [[FlightGear_Newsletter_December_2011#Suggested_flights | Newsletter December 2011]].
==Kisimayu to Kilimanjaro==
We have to take a big airliner for this trip. The runways are long enough but for this trip we need some altitude and a slow descend.

We park our Big Bird at HCMK, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismayo_Airport Kisimayu], Somalia, near the East coast of Africa. It's unsure what this airfield is used for but it's a long piece of tarmac. I could not find regular flights to and from this airfield, not so strange, there is no lighting, no radio beacons and... no fuel. What you can find is Global Air Rescue that has an air ambulance service based here (with a [http://www.globalairrescue.com/learjet-35.php Learjet 35]).

Our route will be around 425 nm in length. You know your aircraft and know what altitude you will need to fly.

Our destination, HTKJ, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_International_Airport Kilimanjaro], Tanzania, has only one ILS and I have learned, if an airfield has only one ILS there is probably a reason.

Flight Plan (short version):
#HCMK Kisimayu, length 12,177 ft, no navaids near.
#GAR Garissa [[VOR-DME]] freq 115.7 heading 268° dist 169 nm.
#KB Kilimanjaro [[NDB]] freq 393.0 heading 224° dist 258 nm, here is the holding pattern for the Kilimanjaro runway (and there is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro 19,000 ft] reason for this detour).
#KV Kilimanjaro VOR-DME freq 115.3 heading 70° dist 26 nm.
#HTKJ Kilimanjaro [[ILS]] freq 110.9 runway heading 88° elev 2,900 ft [[AMSL]] length 11,807 ft.

Prepare your flight well to receive amazing views of the landscape during the final steps of the route, if you don't you will discover why some pilots call Kilimanjaro Kill-You-Manjaro.

{{#ev:youtube | KCJi_ZaR8ec}}
Youtube video: Kilimanjaro approach in real, in FG not much different.

*By [[User:PH-JBO|PH-JBO]].

=Australia and Oceania=

==Hawai'i==
[[Image:Maui03.jpg|thumb|250px]]
Do you use [[TerraSync]]? If so, try a flight around Hawaii! Take off from PHNL in a light aircraft and head west until you hit Pearl Harbor; a right turn north will take you post the USS Arizona Memorial, and the Punchbowl Crater will be to your right. Or, fly east from PHNL past volcanic craters Diamond Head and Koko Head. If you follow the O'ahu coastline north from Koko Head, you can land at either old World War II airbase Bellows Field (now a wildlife reserve in real life) or at Keahole MCAS.

For a potentially more scenic route, fly east toward Molokai, and stay to the north (left) of the island. The northern part of Molokai features huge sea cliffs and a tiny airstrip on the Kalaupapa peninsula - the peninsula being the only respite from the cliffs. A former leper colony existed near the airstrip!

Also of interest are the volcanoes on Maui and the 'Big Island' of Hawai'i - flying VFR in a small plane from PHTO to PHKO over the plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa can be a challenge, as you have to take off from sea level, fly through a pass of 6500 feet, and then drop back down to sea level to land! The Hana coast of northern Maui is also a nice flight - a circumnavigation of Haleakala, starting and ending at PHOG, is quite a nice flight.

The islands will be available through the download center with the next major scenery release, but for now, fire up [[TerraSync]] and your favorite VFR aircraft and have a blast.
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter September 2010]] by [[User:Statto|Statto]].

== Hawai'i waterfalls tour ==
This flight will let you discover some of the famous Hawai'ian waterfalls, visiting the Islands of Kauai and Oahu.
{{note| Despite the scenery is very nice, the waterfalls are mostly not modeled (as of 5/2024)}}

* [https://skyvector.com/?ll=21.82733715471215,-158.96200561400335&chart=301&zoom=5&fpl=%20PHBK%202211N15938W%202206N15930W%202204N15925W%20LIH%202135N15817W%202138N15802W%202120N15746W%202116N15748W%20PHNL SkyVector route]
* Suggested plane: C172 or C182
* This is VFR only, so pick suitable weather. There are no usable navaids for this trip except the VORTAC LIH 113.500 to cross the sea.
* Trip takes around 90 minutes air time at 110 KTAS.

First part of the trip:
* Start at Parking sands (PHBK), runway 34
* Takeoff, climb to 5000ft and follow the northern coast at about a heading of 030° until you reach Crawlers Ledge (about 8 minutes flight time).
* Turn southeast into the very dominant embayment and watch out for Hanakoa Falls, our first waterfall to visit.
* To your left should be a very dominant valley behind the ridge, featuring a river. Now climb to 6000ft and follow that valley southeastish and visit the famous Weeping wall waterfalls behind the ridge at the end of the valley.
* Bank left slightly (~100° heading), descend to 3000 ft and aim for Wailua waterfalls at the south side of the small hill near the coast (between the two towns).

This concludes the islands waterfalls after about 20 minutes flight.

Now either land at Lihue Airport (PHLI) to your right for a break, or continue the trip and intercept VORTAC LIH 113.500 radial 99/TO. Follow the radial to cross the Kauai Channel until you reach the tip of Oahu Island (the crossing of 63NM takes about 30 minutes at 120 knots. You may also opt to skip and start at PHDH).

* Follow overfly Kawaihapai Airfield (PHDH) and follow the northern coast.
* Shortly you will ovefly a prominent bend from east to nothertheast in the coast, still follow the coast. Note the windfarm appearing to your right ahead.
* Over Waimea (just before the very visible sand beach), turn right and fly to the inland behind (north of) the windfarm. Shortly after passing the wind turbines, look out for Waimea waterfalls.
* Follow the mountains to the southeast of the island and slowly climb to 4000ft (the left side is more rough and scenic).
* North of Diamond Head (a big crater at the south tip of the island) there are several waterfalls (roughly in the middle between Diamond head in the south and Kaneohe in the north), as well as very nice streams coming down the ridge. Also the north side of the ridge is very nice, so consider doing a circle over there.
* Continue south over Diamond head and proceed to land at Honolulu airport (PHNL).

This concludes the trip after about 1:30 hours.

==Brisbane International Airport to Sydney International Airport==
Going from Brisbane International Airport to Sydney International Airport. You should have a heading of about 203. Might take sometime to arrive to this section. Maybe 10-30 mins into the flight. Can't really say but don't give up, you will eventually reach this section of the flight. '''''Your eyes will be rewarded!''''' .

[[Image:Fgfs-screen-020.png|200px]]
[[Image:Fgfs-screen-016.png|200px]]
[[Image:Fgfs-screen-012.png|200px]]
*Published in [[FlightGear Newsletter April 2011]] by [[User:Vin|Vin]]

=Antarctica=
{{Suggested}}

[[Category:Lists]]

Howto:Make an airport

2026-08-03T19:56:21Z

Sierra:

This article will guide you through the process of '''creating an airport''' and link you to related articles.

== A note about licenses ==
Official FlightGear scenery is, as the rest of the program and data, licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] v2. In order to have your work included in the official scenery, it must comply with this license.

In short this means that you can only use images that:
* you created yourself, entirely from scratch. This is the case when you draw something, or take a photograph of a building.
* you received permission for to release under the GNU GPL v2.
* are licensed under a [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Quick-guide-gplv3-compatibility.svg GNU GPL v2 compatible license] (eg. Public Domain).

Google Earth imagery is per definition '''not''' compatible. For the USA you can download the High Resolution Orthoimagery jpeg from http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ and use that to trace airports or buildings. For other countries, you might use OpenStreetMap data if available. Note that OpenStreetMap has been granted the right to trace over Bing aerial images, so it can get quite accurate. Consider learning how to [http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Aeroways map airports in OSM].

Alternatively you can estimate the lengths and widths of the buildings by looking at pictures.

== Runways, taxiways and aprons ==
=== What you need ===
* [[WorldEditor]] - to "draw" the layout of the airport (taxiways, runways, aprons)
** Runway layout data - either from the USA Airport & Scenery Database or from other free imagery
** Other data (approach lighting systems, frequencies etc.) about the airport you want to make
* [[TerraGear]] - to turn the layout into useable scenery
** Shapefiles for the area around your airport - http://mapserver.flightgear.org/download.psp
** Heightmaps - http://dds.cr.usgs.gov/srtm/version2_1/ or, to more closely match the official world scenery, use http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/Coverage%20map%20viewfinderpanoramas_org3.htm

=== Airport layout ===
The very first step before creating a new airport layout is to check if the airport already exists in the airport database in the [https://gateway.x-plane.com/airports/page X-Plane Airports Database]. If we find our airport there, we can improve it, if not, we start a new layout. This is all done in [[WorldEditor]].

So if we have done the airport in WED, we save it as "ICAO.dat" (replacing ICAO with the ICAO code of your airport). That's the X-Plane fileformat, which is used by FlightGear too.

==== A note about the formats ====
FlightGear once used the 810 version of the [[File formats#apt.dat file|apt.dat file format]], while now 850 is on duty. The difference between them is mainly that 850 allows laying down taxiways/taxilines independently, and making them bend smoothly (with {{wikipedia|Bezier curve|Bezier curves}}), while in 810 there were only rectangles of taxiways with a yellow line in the middle. You can tell an old airport by the fact that crossings and bends are rounded by overlaying a number of rectangular patches. If you meet one, consider converting it, and as you're already there try to gather information to make it better!

=== Turning the airport into FlightGear scenery ===
There are three possibilities, the later two require [[TerraGear]], but have the advantage that you can view the result immediately:
* Use WED to upload your layout to http://gateway.x-plane.com/ as explained at [[#Share your layout with the world!]] and wait for the next FlightGear scenery build to include your airport.
* [[Howto: Test your airport layout: quick and easy]], for a quick look at your airport. This will place your airport in the middle of an ocean.
* [[Using TerraGear]], you can create an entire scenery, including the surrounding terrain ( [[TerraGear]] ).

=== Share your layout with the world! ===
FlightGear and X-Plane make use of the same airport data. The X-Plane team has set up a [http://gateway.x-plane.com scenery gateway] that allows you to submit your layout for inclusion in the official scenery of both simulators. Even after being accepted into the X-Plane gateway, FlightGear will only show the changes after its own rebuild of the scenery, which occurs periodically.

== Terminals, towers and hangars ==
=== What you need ===
* 3D modeling software, like [[Blender]], as long as it can export to the .ac file type.
* Lots of pictures of the buildings at the airport.

=== Making a 3D model ===
One meter in FlightGear is one meter in the real world. If you use aerial or satellite imagery to measure out the buildings you'll be fine.

=== Placing objects ===
{{Main article|Howto:Add details to your airport}}

There exists a few ways which you can place a model unto a scenery, one of which is by manually using the [[UFO]].

You can also use [[WorldEditor]] which provides a nice, accessible way to place models using an existing airport layout as reference, but the object placement data exported by [[WorldEditor]] cannot be used directly in Flight Gear, hence the use of a python script, that parses the earth.wed.xml in such a way to make 3D model placement data compatible for inclusion into an .stg file. (see [[Howto: Place 3D objects with WED]])

{{Tip|if you are developing an actual building, it's usually good to get the co-ordinates of one of the corners of the building so you can place it extremely accurately.}}

=== Share your models with the world! ===
After finishing a building, send your model to the [http://scenemodels.flightgear.org/ scenery database], as that is the best way for them to be distributed. Everyone who downloads the airport from then on will be able to see your building!

== Related content ==
* [[Howto:Make a helipad]]
* [[AI Traffic#Ground networks]] – ''This also includes parking positions''
* [[Taxiway signs]]

[[Category:Howto]]
[[Category:Scenery enhancement]]

Landmark Wish List

2026-08-02T19:11:56Z

Sierra: update my progress

This page provides a list of landmarks which are not currently in the FlightGear scenery that the community consider important and would like to see modeled.

If you are a FlightGear modeler and are looking for something to model, please consider something on this list.

Feel free to add to this list.

__TOC__

{{note|
If you are modelling a landmark, please change the "Completed" column from {{tl|no}} to <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:Template:n/a|n/a|Claimed]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>, and when done change to {{tl|yes}}.}}

== Africa ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Landmark !! City !! Country !! Completed
|-
| {{wikipedia|Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro}} || Yamoussoukro || Côte d'Ivoire || {{no}}
|-
| Pyramids || Cairo || Egypt || {{yes}}
|-
| Victoria Falls || Victoria Falls || Zimbabwe || {{no}}
|-
| Ikoyi Bridge || Lagos || Nigeria || {{no}}
|-
|-
| Millennium Tower || Abuja || Nigeria || {{no}}
|}

== America ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Landmark !! City !! Country !! Completed
|-
| Adler Planetarium || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Alex Fraser Bridge}} || Vancouver || Canada || {{no}}
|-
| Bank of America Tower || New York || USA || {{yes}}
|-
| Brooklyn Bridge || New York || USA || {{yes}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Canada Place}} || Vancouver || Canada || {{no}}
|-
| Christ the Redeemer || Rio de Janeiro || Brazil || {{yes}}
|-
| Chrysler Building || New York || USA || {{yes}}
|-
| Empire State Building || New York || USA || {{yes}}
|-
| Elevated {{wikipedia|IRT Flushing Line}} || New York || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Golden Ears Bridge}} || Vancouver || Canada || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Georgia Aquarium}} || Atlanta || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Hoover Dam}} || Boulder|| USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Lions Gate Bridge}} || Vancouver || Canada || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Machu Picchu}} || Aguas Calientes || Peru || {{yes}}
|-
| Marina City || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| McCormick Place || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| Millenium Park || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| Milwaukee Art Museum || Milwaukee || USA || {{no}}
|-
| National Congress || Brasilia || Brazil || {{yes}}
|-
| Navy Pier || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Nazca Lines}} || Estudiantes || Peru || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|New York State Pavilion}} || New York || USA || {{no}}
|-
| Oglivie Transportation Center || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Panama canal}} and some boats pls|| Panama city - Colòn || Panama || {{yes}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Port Mann Bridge}} || Vancouver || Canada || {{no}}
|-
| Shedd Aquarium || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Skunk Works|Skunkworks aircraft] hidden in the mountain of KXTA || Area 51 || USA || {{no}}
|-
| Smurfit-Stone Building || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| Soldier Field || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| Space Needle || Seattle || USA || {{yes}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Tappan Zee Bridge}} || New York || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Throgs Neck Bridge}} || New York || USA || {{no}}
|-
| Union Station || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Unisphere}} || New York || USA || {{no}}
|-
| United Center || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| United Nations Headquarters || New York || USA || {{yes}}
|-
| U.S. Cellular Field || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|-
| Verizon Center || Washington, D.C. || USA || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Windsor Atlantica Hotel}} || Rio de Janeiro || Brazil || {{n/a|Claimed}}
|-
| White House || Washington, D.C. || USA || {{yes}}
|-
| Wrigley Field || Chicago || USA || {{no}}
|}

== Asia ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Landmark !! City !! Country !! Completed
|-
| Akashi Kaikyo bridge || Kobe || Japan || {{yes}}
|-
| Azadi Square || Tehran || Iran || {{no}}
|-
| Bank of China Tower || Hong Kong || China || {{yes}}
|-
| Bitexco Financial Tower || Ho Chi Minh City || Vietnam || {{yes}}
|-
| Burj al Arab || Dubai || UAE || {{yes}}
|-
| Burj Khalifa || Dubai || UAE || {{yes}}
|-
| CCTV Tower || Beijing || China || {{yes}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Kai Tak Airport|"Checkerboard Hill" (VHHX approach)}} || Hong Kong || China || {{no|No, see [[Talk:Landmark_Wish_List#VHHX request| talk page]]}}
|-
| Great Wall of China || Huairou, Peking / Jiuduhezhen, Huairou, Peking || China || {{no}}
|-
| [[Talk:Landmark_Wish_List#Singapore| Marina Bay Sands]] || Singapore ||Singapore || {{yes}}
|-
| Milad Tower || Tehran || Iran || {{no}}
|-
| [[Talk:Landmark_Wish_List#Singapore| One George Street]] || Singapore ||Singapore || {{no}}
|-
| [[Talk:Landmark_Wish_List#Singapore| One Raffles Place]] || Singapore ||Singapore || {{yes}}
|-
| [[Talk:Landmark_Wish_List#Singapore| One Shenton Way]] || Singapore ||Singapore || {{no}}
|-
| Petronas Towers || Kuala Lumpur || Malaysia || {{yes}}
|-
| [[Talk:Landmark_Wish_List#Singapore| The Pinnacle@Duxton]] || Singapore ||Singapore || {{no}}
|-
| Ryugyong Hotel || Pyongyang || North Korea || {{yes}}
|-
| Sigiriya || Matale District || Sri Lanka || {{no}}
|-
| Taj Mahal || Agra || India || {{yes}}
|-
| Lotte World Tower || Seoul || South Korea || {{yes}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Baiterek Tower}} || Astana || Kazakhstan || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center}} || Astana || Kazakhstan || {{no}}
|}

== Europe ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Landmark !! City !! Country !! Completed
|-
| Big Ben || London || UK || {{yes}}
|-
| St. Peter's Basilica & square || Vatican City || Vatican City || {{no}}
|-
| Colosseum || Rome || Italy || {{yes}}
|-
| Lapan || Oldenburg, Niedersachsen || Germany || {{no}}
|-
| North Pole (flag and light) || North Pole || World || {{yes}}
|-
| Oeresund Bridge || Copenhagen-Malmo || Scandinavia || {{yes}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Oslo Plaza}} || Oslo || Norway || {{n/a|Claimed}}
|-
| Porta Westfalica/Hermans-Denkmal || Bückeburg (ETHB), Minden || Germany || {{no}}
|-
| Schloss || Oldenburg || Germany || {{no}}
|-
| Schloss || Neuschwanstein || Germany || {{yes}}
|-
| Stade de France || Saint-Denis || France || {{yes}}
|-
| Westminster Abbey || London || UK || {{yes}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Stuttgart TV Tower}} || Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg || Germany || {{yes}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Strépy-Thieu boat lift}} || La Louviere || Belgium || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Boat Lifts on the Canal du Centre}} || La Louviere || Belgium || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Ronquières inclined plane}} || Braine-le-Comte || Belgium || {{no}}
|}

== Australia and Oceania ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Landmark !! City !! Country !! Completed
|-
| Ayers rock || Uluru || Australia || {{no}}
|-
| {{wikipedia|Q1 (building)|Q1}} || Gold Coast || Australia || {{no}}
|-
| Sky Tower || Auckland || New Zealand || {{n/a|Claimed}}
|-
| Sydney Opera House || Sydney || Australia || {{yes}}
|}

== Related content ==
* [[FlightGear Scenery Designer]]
* [[FlightGear Scenery Database]]
* [[UK Scenery Wish List]]

== External links ==
* [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=2390 The forum topic]
* See [http://scenemodels.flightgear.org/ FGFS Scenery Object Database], for more on models for [[Scenery]]

[[Category:Scenery]]
[[Category:Community]]
[[Category:Contribution requests]]

Howto:Create new landmark models

2026-08-02T19:08:46Z

Sierra: Created page with "{{stub}} 1. Find images of the building on Wikimedia or Google Images, upload them to a 3D model generation tool like [https://meshy.ai/ Meshy.ai], and download the generated model once finished. 2. Import the model into Blender and edit it as needed, scaling its dimensions to match the real-world building. 3. Once finished editing in Blender, reduce the size of the model to comply with the maximum upload file size limit of 2,000,000 bytes (approximately 1.9 MiB). This..."

{{stub}}

1. Find images of the building on Wikimedia or Google Images, upload them to a 3D model generation tool like [https://meshy.ai/ Meshy.ai], and download the generated model once finished.
2. Import the model into Blender and edit it as needed, scaling its dimensions to match the real-world building.
3. Once finished editing in Blender, reduce the size of the model to comply with the maximum upload file size limit of 2,000,000 bytes (approximately 1.9 MiB). This is done by using '''Limited Dissolve''', '''Merge by Distance''', and the '''Decimate''' modifier.
4. Export the model in .ac format using Blender's AC3D export plugin. Note that the exported texture filename defaults to .png (without a name prefix). Rename your texture file, then open the .ac file in a text editor and update the line <code>texture ".png"</code> to texture <code>your_name.png"</code>.
5. In-game, place the object using the UFO craft so that its location and heading match reality, then press the '''E''' or '''D''' key to export.

=== Troubleshooting / Common Issues ===

* **The model's texture displays correctly in Blender's "Shading" tab, but appears mottled/glitched in-game:**
* **Cause:** The shader nodes may have applied extra processing to the UV mapping (such as scaling or offsets).
* **Solution:** Go to the **UV Editing** tab, select all vertices of the UV layout, and scale/translate them so they align properly with the texture image.

PropertyList XML files

2026-07-31T02:55:33Z

Sierra:

Most configuration files in FlightGear are '''PropertyList XML files''' using a subset of XML to encode lists and trees of [[Property Tree Intro|properties]] as XML. PropertyList-XML files are the main mechanism to populate the FlightGear property tree (or a sub branch of it) from XML files, but also to serialize (save) property tree/branch state to an XML file. XML attributes are mainly used as meta-directives for the property tree.

{{Note|
{{FGCquote
|any --prop: argument can be just as well added to defaults.xml<br/>
For that, you only need to understand how properties are mapped to XML space and vice versa:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<sim>
<foo n="0">teddy</foo>
<foo n="1">tiger</foo>
</sim>
</syntaxhighlight>these can be expressed using <nowiki>--prop:/sim/foo[0]=teddy and --prop:/sim/foo[1]=tiger</nowiki>
You should however not edit $FG_ROOT/defaults.xml directly - which should be considered readonly, instead, use $FG_HOME, which will be treated as an overlay (on top of $FG_ROOT/defaults.xml).
|{{cite web |url=http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?p=234298#p234298
|title=<nowiki>Re: Command line arguments with launcher?</nowiki>
|author=<nowiki>Hooray</nowiki>
|date=<nowiki>Fri Mar 06</nowiki>
}}
}}
}}

For additional background information, you'll also want to refer to [[$FG_ROOT]]/Docs/README.introduction.

{{PropertyTree}}
== Advantages ==
One advantage of the XML representation is its conceptual simplicity. Every element except for the root PropertyList container represents exactly one property, and every attribute represents metadata for the property associated with its element.

To work with PropertyList-XML files, you can use various means, such as:
* fgcommands
* Nasal (props.nas, io.nas)
* C++ APIs (see links at the end of the navigation sidebar)
* Text editor: manually edit XML files

Right now, we use attributes for meta-information (data type, read/write flags, aliasing, and tracing). As long as we use attributes for meta-information and elements for data, we'll have a clean upgrade path; otherwise, we could end up with lots of reserved names (like you could not have a property named "alias", for example, because it would conflict with the attribute), and versioning problems (there's a new attribute named "foo", so any existing "foo" properties have to be renamed).

The current practice is a little verbose compared with a custom-designed, single-purpose XML format, but it generalizes nicely. Another alternative would be to use XML Namespaces, but (while I support them) those have their detractors even in the hard-core XML community, and I'm worried that they'll confuse people a bit in FlightGear.

A custom-designed XML format for panels, sound, animations, FDMs, etc. could be *much* less verbose, but then we'd be managing n different XML-based formats and parsing libraries.

== Read and write access ==
{{IO Restrictions}}

== The PropertyList format ==
The root element of each file is always named <PropertyList>. Tags are almost always found in pairs, with the closing tag having a slash prefixing the tag name, i.e </PropertyList>, just like in any other XML dialect. The exception is the tag representing an aliased property. In this case a slash is prepended to the closing angle bracket:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<prop alias="/sim/foo"/>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Minimal example ===
A minimal example of a complete property list encoded XML file, looks like this:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<PropertyList>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Property node tags and attributes ===
Each node in a tree is specified using a single tag that can take attributes describing various things about it:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<welcome type="string">Welcome to FlightGear! This is a string as a property</welcome>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Property type attributes ===
Property typing is optional, all properties are by default string/unspecified and are transparently converted by the property tree, but it never hurts, especially when including spaces around numbers:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo type="string">Hello</foo>
<pi type="float"> 3.14 </pi>
<boo type="bool">true</boo>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Indexed nodes ===
Indexing happens implicitly for identically named properties:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo>Hello</foo>
<foo>Hello</foo>
<foo>Hello</foo>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

so that the three foo tags become foo[0], foo[1], foo[2] in the property tree, but you can also use explicit indexing by setting the '''n''' attribute of each tag:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo n="0">Hello</foo>
<foo n="1">Hello</foo>
<foo n="2">Hello</foo>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

Though the above two examples are equivalent, we tend often to include "n" anyway, just to help people keep track of where they are. That's most important when there are a lot of subproperties, not in a simple list like the above.

=== Archived properties ===
To make property settings persistent in between FlightGear sessions, use the userarchive attribute:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo userarchive="y">Hello</foo>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Including external PropertyList files ===
We can also create new PropertyList files by subtyping existing ones using the include attribute. For example, if someone made a DC-3 model for JSBSim, we could subclass from the YASim config file like this:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList include="dc3-yasim-set.xml">
<sim>
<description>DC-3 (JSBSim).</description>
<flight-model archive="y">jsb</flight-model>
</sim>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

Emmanuel Baranger's models tend to use this technique lot and often have several XML files: the first (the -set.xml) contains very basic information, often just author and version number, and includes the next; the second is for FDM-specific properties (the -yasim-cnf or -jsbsim-cnf); and the last has FDM-independent things like flap settings (the -base.xml). This structuring allows for maximum reusability between FDMs and makes it easier for someone to come along and add another FDM to a model.

{{Caution|The 'new' vec*d types are not fully/propertly integrated with the underlying PropertyTree APIs yet, which means that some things may not work as expected, which is particularly important when dealing with files using those types (e.g. effects - see below for details).
{{FGCquote
|Instead of:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<effect include="Aircraft/f16/Models/Effects/glass/glass.xml"/>
</syntaxhighlight>
It is best to use
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<effect>
<inherits-from>Aircraft/f16/Models/Effects/glass/glass</inherits-from>
</effect>
</syntaxhighlight>
|{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/p/flightgear/mailman/message/33606423/
|title=<nowiki>Re: [Flightgear-devel] xml: Unrecognized data type 'vec3d (Was:
Cockpit glass effect)</nowiki>
|author=<nowiki>Erik Hofman</nowiki>
|date=<nowiki>2015-03-17</nowiki>
}}
}}
}}

=== Aliased properties ===
Properties can alias other properties, in a similar way to symbolic links in Unix. When one of them changes the other one changes as well.

For example, this

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo>46</foo>
<bar alias="/foo"/>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

will be functionally identical to

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo>46</foo>
<bar>46</bar>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

except that bar and foo will always be identical.

A PropertyList file can begin with a property subtree that are aliased later in the file.

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<params>
<comm-freq-prop>/radios/comm1/frequencies/selected</comm-freq-prop>
<nav-freq-prop>/radios/nav1/frequencies/selected</nav-freq-prop>
</params>
<chunk>
<type>number-value</type>
<property alias="/params/nav-freq-prop"/>
</chunk>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Aliasing combined with inclusion ===
The combination of aliasing and inclusion allows for parameterization, which can be of great help both for debugging and mainenance. The above example could for example instead be split up into

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<params>
<comm-freq-prop>/radios/comm1/frequencies/selected</comm-freq-prop>
<nav-freq-prop>/radios/nav1/frequencies/selected</nav-freq-prop>
</params>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

and

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<params include="MyParams.xml"/>
<chunk>
<type>number-value</type>
<property alias="/params/nav-freq-prop"/>
</chunk>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

The parameters can be overridden at inclusion

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<instrument include="../Instruments/navcomm.xml">
<params>
<comm-freq-prop>/radios/comm1/frequencies/selected</comm-freq-prop>
<nav-freq-prop>/radios/nav1/frequencies/selected</nav-freq-prop>
</params>
</instrument>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<instrument include="../Instruments/navcomm.xml">
<params>
<comm-freq-prop>/radios/comm2/frequencies/selected</comm-freq-prop>
<nav-freq-prop>/radios/nav2/frequencies/selected</nav-freq-prop>
</params>
</instrument>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

== CDATA ==
Whenever you need to embed text that isn't valid XML, because it may contain XML tokens, you need to wrap the whole section in a CDATA section, this is typically done with [[Nasal]] code, so that it doesn't need to escape XML entities:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<nasal>
<![CDATA[
# begin of code
print("\n");
# end of code
]]>
</nasal>
</PropertyList>

</syntaxhighlight>

Note how the CDATA section now contains tokens/characters that would otherwise make the XML markup invalid.

== PropertyList-based configuration files ==
Not everything that is read from an XML file resides in the main property tree; some subsystems also use XML files for initial configuration information and are read into a temporary tree and subsequently discarded. The main property tree is meant to represent the shared state of the program, but when a subsystem happens to use an XML file to set up its internal state that information is ofteb of no use to the rest of the program and thus does not need to continually be in the main tree. Temporary trees are usually deleted as soon as the subsystem is set up (i.e. they exist for perhaps 0.1 sec). We could just as easily use another format for internal initialization, but since the XML support is already available, it was the easiest route.

The config files serve many different purposes; using the XML-based property-list format for all of them helps a lot, since it allows some common structure and reusable code among all the formats. Imagine if we had one file format for preferences, a different one for panels (say, with fixed-length fields), a different one for saving a flight (perhaps a binary format), another one for sound configuration (perhaps an INI file), a different one for top-level aircraft configuration (perhaps CSV), yet another one for configuring 3D models (perhaps embedded data strings in the 3D files themselves), etc. etc.

We have config files for totally different purposes, and the fact that they all use XML is simply a convenience for programmers and customizers.
Here are some of the conventions that we've come up with so far, partly ad-hoc (all paths relative to $FG_ROOT):

* defaults.xml - the top-level default preferences
* joysticks.xml - default joystick bindings, included by defaults.xml
* keyboard.xml - default keyboard bindings, included by defaults.xml
* Aircraft/*-set.xml - aircraft-specific settings, overriding the defaults in defaults.xml (and joystick/keyboard.xml)

Basically, these are the main files in the base package that affect FlightGear's main property tree. Other files use the property-file format for convenience to populate various data structures, but they do not touch the main tree and are not accessible through the property browser or through the command-line --prop: option; it's just a coincidence that they also use the property-list format:

* materials.xml - define the materials (textures, colour, lighting) for use in the scenery
* HUDS/**/*.xml - configuration files to define the various heads-up displays
* Aircraft/*/*-sound.xml - configuration files to define sounds played for various aircraft
* Aircraft/*/Panels/*-panel.xml - configuration files to define 2D panels for various aircraft.
* Aircraft/*/Instruments/*.xml - configuration files for individual instruments included by the 2D panels.
* Aircraft/Instruments/*.xml - ditto
* Aircraft/*/Models/*.xml - animation files for a .ac file, oodles of <animation> nodes!

We also use some XML-based formats that do not (yet?) follow the property-list conventions, including the following:

* Aircraft/*/*.xml - JSBSim aero model config files
* Aircraft/Aircraft-yasim/*.xml - YASim aero model config files
* Engine/*.xml - JSBSim engine and thruster config files

YASim and JSBSim each uses its own XML format, which is different from the XML format used by the rest of FlightGear. For YASim, see $FG_ROOT/Docs/README.yasim in the base package; for JSBSim, see the documentation at http://jsbsim.sourceforge.net/. UIUC uses a non-XML config-file format.

The one advantage of Yasim's approach is efficiency -- Andy copies from the XML straight into the YASim data structures, without building up and tearing down an in-memory property tree first. For large-scale XML implementations, we *have* to do things that way -- the DOM and XSLT tend to break down catastrophically for large XML documents or high volume. That's why we designed the Simple API for XML (SAX).

Efficiency doesn't matter much for YASim, since it's a short file and we're reading it only once. If we're ever processing a lot of XML in the main loop, say, over a network connection or from large GIS databases, we'll need to go with a streaming approach like Andy used.

There are several places to look for properties; one is in the aircraft files, another is all Nasal files, and the last place (and often most useful!) is grepping (searching) through the C++ code. To determine how a property works and what it does often requires looking through any code that uses it. This is a part of FlightGear that we could certainly document better.

As for the relationship between XML and the Property Tree, in some cases in FG (most notably defaults.xml and each AIRCRAFT-set.xml file), the <PropertyList> format directly defines properties in FlightGear's global property tree. In other cases, like the animation files given by /sim/model/path, those do not define properties but the <PropertyList> format is used as a matter of convenience so that FG can parse all of its XML files using the same mechanism and to keep the fundamental structure the same. XML has a lot of different dialects, and having only one for FlightGear really makes it easier, especially since it is very intuitive

== Related content ==
=== Wiki articles ===
* [[Conditions]] – Sometimes things can be made conditional on other properties
* [[Expressions]] – Sometimes mathematical expressions can be used

=== Readme files ===
* {{readme file|introduction}}
* {{readme file|properties}}
* {{readme file|xmlsyntax}} – XML in 15 minutes or less
* {{readme file|xmlpanel}} – Contains valuable information on the PropertyList format

=== Forum ===
* http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=19503

=== Developer mailing list ===
* {{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/p/flightgear/mailman/flightgear-devel/thread/4E79A5CC.80906@t3r.de/ |title=<nowiki>[</nowiki>Flightgear-devel<nowiki>]</nowiki> Property Tree Question: How to save an aircraft specific property between sessions.}}

[[Category:XML]]
[[Category:Property Tree]]

PropertyList XML files

2026-07-31T02:55:15Z

Sierra:

Most configuration files in FlightGear are '''PropertyList XML files''' using a subset of XML to encode lists and trees of [[Property Tree Intro|properties]] as XML. PropertyList-XML files are the main mechanism to populate the FlightGear property tree (or a sub branch of it) from XML files, but also to serialize (save) property tree/branch state to an XML file. XML attributes are mainly used as meta-directives for the property tree.

{{Note|
{{FGCquote
|any --prop: argument can be just as well added to defaults.xml<br/>
For that, you only need to understand how properties are mapped to XML space and vice versa:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<sim>
<foo n="0">teddy</foo>
<foo n="1">tiger</foo>
</sim>
</syntaxhighlight>these can be expressed using <nowiki>--prop:/sim/foo[0]=teddy and --prop:/sim/foo[1]=tiger</nowiki>
You should however not edit $FG_ROOT/defaults.xml directly - which should be considered readonly, instead, use $FG_HOME, which will be treated as an overlay (on top of $FG_ROOT/defaults.xml).
|{{cite web |url=http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?p=234298#p234298
|title=<nowiki>Re: Command line arguments with 3.4 launcher?</nowiki>
|author=<nowiki>Hooray</nowiki>
|date=<nowiki>Fri Mar 06</nowiki>
}}
}}
}}

For additional background information, you'll also want to refer to [[$FG_ROOT]]/Docs/README.introduction.

{{PropertyTree}}
== Advantages ==
One advantage of the XML representation is its conceptual simplicity. Every element except for the root PropertyList container represents exactly one property, and every attribute represents metadata for the property associated with its element.

To work with PropertyList-XML files, you can use various means, such as:
* fgcommands
* Nasal (props.nas, io.nas)
* C++ APIs (see links at the end of the navigation sidebar)
* Text editor: manually edit XML files

Right now, we use attributes for meta-information (data type, read/write flags, aliasing, and tracing). As long as we use attributes for meta-information and elements for data, we'll have a clean upgrade path; otherwise, we could end up with lots of reserved names (like you could not have a property named "alias", for example, because it would conflict with the attribute), and versioning problems (there's a new attribute named "foo", so any existing "foo" properties have to be renamed).

The current practice is a little verbose compared with a custom-designed, single-purpose XML format, but it generalizes nicely. Another alternative would be to use XML Namespaces, but (while I support them) those have their detractors even in the hard-core XML community, and I'm worried that they'll confuse people a bit in FlightGear.

A custom-designed XML format for panels, sound, animations, FDMs, etc. could be *much* less verbose, but then we'd be managing n different XML-based formats and parsing libraries.

== Read and write access ==
{{IO Restrictions}}

== The PropertyList format ==
The root element of each file is always named <PropertyList>. Tags are almost always found in pairs, with the closing tag having a slash prefixing the tag name, i.e </PropertyList>, just like in any other XML dialect. The exception is the tag representing an aliased property. In this case a slash is prepended to the closing angle bracket:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<prop alias="/sim/foo"/>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Minimal example ===
A minimal example of a complete property list encoded XML file, looks like this:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<PropertyList>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Property node tags and attributes ===
Each node in a tree is specified using a single tag that can take attributes describing various things about it:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<welcome type="string">Welcome to FlightGear! This is a string as a property</welcome>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Property type attributes ===
Property typing is optional, all properties are by default string/unspecified and are transparently converted by the property tree, but it never hurts, especially when including spaces around numbers:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo type="string">Hello</foo>
<pi type="float"> 3.14 </pi>
<boo type="bool">true</boo>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Indexed nodes ===
Indexing happens implicitly for identically named properties:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo>Hello</foo>
<foo>Hello</foo>
<foo>Hello</foo>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

so that the three foo tags become foo[0], foo[1], foo[2] in the property tree, but you can also use explicit indexing by setting the '''n''' attribute of each tag:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo n="0">Hello</foo>
<foo n="1">Hello</foo>
<foo n="2">Hello</foo>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

Though the above two examples are equivalent, we tend often to include "n" anyway, just to help people keep track of where they are. That's most important when there are a lot of subproperties, not in a simple list like the above.

=== Archived properties ===
To make property settings persistent in between FlightGear sessions, use the userarchive attribute:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo userarchive="y">Hello</foo>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Including external PropertyList files ===
We can also create new PropertyList files by subtyping existing ones using the include attribute. For example, if someone made a DC-3 model for JSBSim, we could subclass from the YASim config file like this:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList include="dc3-yasim-set.xml">
<sim>
<description>DC-3 (JSBSim).</description>
<flight-model archive="y">jsb</flight-model>
</sim>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

Emmanuel Baranger's models tend to use this technique lot and often have several XML files: the first (the -set.xml) contains very basic information, often just author and version number, and includes the next; the second is for FDM-specific properties (the -yasim-cnf or -jsbsim-cnf); and the last has FDM-independent things like flap settings (the -base.xml). This structuring allows for maximum reusability between FDMs and makes it easier for someone to come along and add another FDM to a model.

{{Caution|The 'new' vec*d types are not fully/propertly integrated with the underlying PropertyTree APIs yet, which means that some things may not work as expected, which is particularly important when dealing with files using those types (e.g. effects - see below for details).
{{FGCquote
|Instead of:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<effect include="Aircraft/f16/Models/Effects/glass/glass.xml"/>
</syntaxhighlight>
It is best to use
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<effect>
<inherits-from>Aircraft/f16/Models/Effects/glass/glass</inherits-from>
</effect>
</syntaxhighlight>
|{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/p/flightgear/mailman/message/33606423/
|title=<nowiki>Re: [Flightgear-devel] xml: Unrecognized data type 'vec3d (Was:
Cockpit glass effect)</nowiki>
|author=<nowiki>Erik Hofman</nowiki>
|date=<nowiki>2015-03-17</nowiki>
}}
}}
}}

=== Aliased properties ===
Properties can alias other properties, in a similar way to symbolic links in Unix. When one of them changes the other one changes as well.

For example, this

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo>46</foo>
<bar alias="/foo"/>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

will be functionally identical to

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<foo>46</foo>
<bar>46</bar>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

except that bar and foo will always be identical.

A PropertyList file can begin with a property subtree that are aliased later in the file.

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<params>
<comm-freq-prop>/radios/comm1/frequencies/selected</comm-freq-prop>
<nav-freq-prop>/radios/nav1/frequencies/selected</nav-freq-prop>
</params>
<chunk>
<type>number-value</type>
<property alias="/params/nav-freq-prop"/>
</chunk>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Aliasing combined with inclusion ===
The combination of aliasing and inclusion allows for parameterization, which can be of great help both for debugging and mainenance. The above example could for example instead be split up into

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<params>
<comm-freq-prop>/radios/comm1/frequencies/selected</comm-freq-prop>
<nav-freq-prop>/radios/nav1/frequencies/selected</nav-freq-prop>
</params>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

and

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<params include="MyParams.xml"/>
<chunk>
<type>number-value</type>
<property alias="/params/nav-freq-prop"/>
</chunk>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

The parameters can be overridden at inclusion

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<instrument include="../Instruments/navcomm.xml">
<params>
<comm-freq-prop>/radios/comm1/frequencies/selected</comm-freq-prop>
<nav-freq-prop>/radios/nav1/frequencies/selected</nav-freq-prop>
</params>
</instrument>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<instrument include="../Instruments/navcomm.xml">
<params>
<comm-freq-prop>/radios/comm2/frequencies/selected</comm-freq-prop>
<nav-freq-prop>/radios/nav2/frequencies/selected</nav-freq-prop>
</params>
</instrument>
</PropertyList>
</syntaxhighlight>

== CDATA ==
Whenever you need to embed text that isn't valid XML, because it may contain XML tokens, you need to wrap the whole section in a CDATA section, this is typically done with [[Nasal]] code, so that it doesn't need to escape XML entities:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PropertyList>
<nasal>
<![CDATA[
# begin of code
print("\n");
# end of code
]]>
</nasal>
</PropertyList>

</syntaxhighlight>

Note how the CDATA section now contains tokens/characters that would otherwise make the XML markup invalid.

== PropertyList-based configuration files ==
Not everything that is read from an XML file resides in the main property tree; some subsystems also use XML files for initial configuration information and are read into a temporary tree and subsequently discarded. The main property tree is meant to represent the shared state of the program, but when a subsystem happens to use an XML file to set up its internal state that information is ofteb of no use to the rest of the program and thus does not need to continually be in the main tree. Temporary trees are usually deleted as soon as the subsystem is set up (i.e. they exist for perhaps 0.1 sec). We could just as easily use another format for internal initialization, but since the XML support is already available, it was the easiest route.

The config files serve many different purposes; using the XML-based property-list format for all of them helps a lot, since it allows some common structure and reusable code among all the formats. Imagine if we had one file format for preferences, a different one for panels (say, with fixed-length fields), a different one for saving a flight (perhaps a binary format), another one for sound configuration (perhaps an INI file), a different one for top-level aircraft configuration (perhaps CSV), yet another one for configuring 3D models (perhaps embedded data strings in the 3D files themselves), etc. etc.

We have config files for totally different purposes, and the fact that they all use XML is simply a convenience for programmers and customizers.
Here are some of the conventions that we've come up with so far, partly ad-hoc (all paths relative to $FG_ROOT):

* defaults.xml - the top-level default preferences
* joysticks.xml - default joystick bindings, included by defaults.xml
* keyboard.xml - default keyboard bindings, included by defaults.xml
* Aircraft/*-set.xml - aircraft-specific settings, overriding the defaults in defaults.xml (and joystick/keyboard.xml)

Basically, these are the main files in the base package that affect FlightGear's main property tree. Other files use the property-file format for convenience to populate various data structures, but they do not touch the main tree and are not accessible through the property browser or through the command-line --prop: option; it's just a coincidence that they also use the property-list format:

* materials.xml - define the materials (textures, colour, lighting) for use in the scenery
* HUDS/**/*.xml - configuration files to define the various heads-up displays
* Aircraft/*/*-sound.xml - configuration files to define sounds played for various aircraft
* Aircraft/*/Panels/*-panel.xml - configuration files to define 2D panels for various aircraft.
* Aircraft/*/Instruments/*.xml - configuration files for individual instruments included by the 2D panels.
* Aircraft/Instruments/*.xml - ditto
* Aircraft/*/Models/*.xml - animation files for a .ac file, oodles of <animation> nodes!

We also use some XML-based formats that do not (yet?) follow the property-list conventions, including the following:

* Aircraft/*/*.xml - JSBSim aero model config files
* Aircraft/Aircraft-yasim/*.xml - YASim aero model config files
* Engine/*.xml - JSBSim engine and thruster config files

YASim and JSBSim each uses its own XML format, which is different from the XML format used by the rest of FlightGear. For YASim, see $FG_ROOT/Docs/README.yasim in the base package; for JSBSim, see the documentation at http://jsbsim.sourceforge.net/. UIUC uses a non-XML config-file format.

The one advantage of Yasim's approach is efficiency -- Andy copies from the XML straight into the YASim data structures, without building up and tearing down an in-memory property tree first. For large-scale XML implementations, we *have* to do things that way -- the DOM and XSLT tend to break down catastrophically for large XML documents or high volume. That's why we designed the Simple API for XML (SAX).

Efficiency doesn't matter much for YASim, since it's a short file and we're reading it only once. If we're ever processing a lot of XML in the main loop, say, over a network connection or from large GIS databases, we'll need to go with a streaming approach like Andy used.

There are several places to look for properties; one is in the aircraft files, another is all Nasal files, and the last place (and often most useful!) is grepping (searching) through the C++ code. To determine how a property works and what it does often requires looking through any code that uses it. This is a part of FlightGear that we could certainly document better.

As for the relationship between XML and the Property Tree, in some cases in FG (most notably defaults.xml and each AIRCRAFT-set.xml file), the <PropertyList> format directly defines properties in FlightGear's global property tree. In other cases, like the animation files given by /sim/model/path, those do not define properties but the <PropertyList> format is used as a matter of convenience so that FG can parse all of its XML files using the same mechanism and to keep the fundamental structure the same. XML has a lot of different dialects, and having only one for FlightGear really makes it easier, especially since it is very intuitive

== Related content ==
=== Wiki articles ===
* [[Conditions]] – Sometimes things can be made conditional on other properties
* [[Expressions]] – Sometimes mathematical expressions can be used

=== Readme files ===
* {{readme file|introduction}}
* {{readme file|properties}}
* {{readme file|xmlsyntax}} – XML in 15 minutes or less
* {{readme file|xmlpanel}} – Contains valuable information on the PropertyList format

=== Forum ===
* http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=19503

=== Developer mailing list ===
* {{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/p/flightgear/mailman/flightgear-devel/thread/4E79A5CC.80906@t3r.de/ |title=<nowiki>[</nowiki>Flightgear-devel<nowiki>]</nowiki> Property Tree Question: How to save an aircraft specific property between sessions.}}

[[Category:XML]]
[[Category:Property Tree]]