FlightGear wiki - User contributions [en]

C-17 Globemaster III

2025-01-01T02:40:05Z

Gzhang: Fix the URLs

{{:{{PAGENAME}}/info}}

The [[:Category:Boeing|Boeing]] (formerly [[:Category:McDonnell Douglas|McDonnell Douglas]]) '''C-17 Globemaster III''' is a large [[:Category:Military aircraft|military]] [[:Category:Transport aircraft|transport]] [[aircraft]] manufactured by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems. The C-17 is operated by the United States Air Force, the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, and the Canadian Forces, while NATO and Qatar have placed orders for the airlifter.

'''Update Oct 2021''':

* FGUK version download: https://www.fguk.me/hangar/boeing-c-17-globemaster-iii/
* FGUK payloads package : https://www.fguk.me/hangar/fguk-payloads-package/

=== V Speeds ===
The V speeds and some other info for this aircraft can be found here. https://www.cram.com/flashcards/c-17-speeds-5576661

=== Other facts such as weights and range and ect ===
That information can be found here. https://www.boeing.com/defense/c-17-globemaster-iii/#/technical-specifications

=== Flaps ===
The following are the flaps. They are listed bellow in the order of the number of times "]" has been pressed.

* Unknown Need help in reading XML file :(

=== Taxiing ===
There is no push-back available on this aircraft. To do a push-back like procedure, use reverse thrust.

=== Flying ===
There is no throttle levers, to see the amount of throttle being used, you will have to use FlightGear's general HUD by pressing "H". ↵The HUD that is displayed on the aircraft (different from FlightGear's general HUD, and is similar to the HUD found on the 787), does not show that information. The HUD on the aircraft, is infact the only instrument that is "tangibly" readable for knowing heading, Ground Speed, altitude, and Yaw. There is a standard altitude meter that does work, but the numbers are way to small to read thus making the aircraft's or Flightgear's HUD the only source of knowing the current altitude. Also the compass screen on the avionics panel, does not move regardless of how much you turn the aircraft, thus the aircraft's and FlightGear's general HUD can only provide that information.

For the Auto Pilot, it is a two step process, which also requires pausing the simulation before activating the autopilot(VNav and LNav are not always guaranteed to start by hitting the corresponding AP buttons on panel). To use the simplest method if you already are using flight manager, and GPS settings are set, there is no need to pause, hit CMD 1 and then LNAV then VNAV.

For manual AP config, hit CMD 1 then pause "p". Then go to Autopilot settings in the menu, and enter the desired config, then unpause. The knobs on the AP panel are clumsy, and there is no Vertical Speed slider.

The external lights are always on. There is no tiller steering, so for tiller on ground, use "Enter" or "Insert".

== Note about landing and spoilers ==
Apparently the code for spoilers is implemented into the aircraft, however there is no animation for the spoilers, nor is there any indication of spoilers being activated. Thus one may not realize that the spoilers have been activated or not. Thus be careful when doing "cntrl - b" and remember the number of time it has been done. Odd number of times mean spoilers are in the active position, while even number of times means its not.

== Aircraft help ==
{|
!Key
!Function
|-
|<kbd>{{key press|D}}</kbd>
|Open/close backdoor
|-
|{{key press|Ctrl|j}}
|Toggle paratroopers
|-
|{{key press|Shift|]}}
|Engine Start
|}
Other keys can be seen in aircraft help.

== To Do ==

* Spoiler animation or some form of panel message of activation.
* Make compass on avionics panel usable.
* Push-back
* Improve thrust reverser animation.
* Better AP panel.

[[:Category:Boeing|Boeing]] aircraft{{Boeing}}

Zh/Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner

2024-11-10T03:14:19Z

Gzhang: Add Chinese translation

{{BeingTranslated}}[[User:Gzhang|Gzhang]] ([[User talk:Gzhang|talk]]) 10:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

'''波音787-8 “梦想客机” '''项目旨在改进[[Boeing 787|旧版波音787]]上的系统与[[cockpit|驾驶舱]]。这个项目最初由Omega95和Redneck承担工作，对于原来的模型作了重大改进与重新开发，只有机模主体与涂装未经改动。有一个有意思的改变与关键特点是新的机模实现了基于[[JSBSim]]的新的[[Flight Dynamics Model|空气动力学模型]]。它在创建时使用了来自[https://www.lissys.uk/samp1/desmis.html the Piano tool]的大量数据。另外一些有趣的特点包括了一个很酷的“玻璃驾驶舱(即电化驾驶舱）” ，它有着十分详细的波音787的仪表，以及液压、气动、供暖、燃料系统和电传飞控等高级系统。

这个项目的开发最早可以追溯到在论坛上787-8的CDU开发，从这以后，它就变为了一项社区项目。它的成功来源于很多开发者和论坛用户的贡献。另一个关键特点是：每当新发现、新方法出现，它们就会在论坛上持续下去，并且很快会有人写出百科的How-to教程，从而帮到其他开发者。

=新发明=

==新控制显示组件（CDU)==
[[File:Omega95-cdu-boeing-787-8.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Control Display Unit]]

A new [[Control Display Unit|控制显示组件]] (CDU) 取代了原有的通用波音CDU，使您l能够控制飞机的很多设置，比如VNAV巡航设置、飞行计划（包括了VNAV高度、和对航路点的跳过、激活与移除操作）、电传飞控管理、离场、进场设置和电子飞行包(EFB)输入等。

波音 787-8 CDU开发的论坛主题可在 [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=15082 论坛页面]上找到。

'''Functions Accessible through the Control Display Unit:'''
*Electronic Flight Bag Input
*Fly-by-wire Configuration
*Vertical Navigation Configuration
*Flight(plan) Management Computer
*Automatic Hold Configuration
*Set Terminal Procedures
*Flight Logging System
*Take-off and Approach Reference Speeds (keeps calculation according to weight)

==Vertical Situation Display==

[[File:Omega95-vsd-instrument.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Vertical Situation Display]]

A Vertical Situation Display [http://hoeprr.home.xs4all.nl/DreamHC/Download/B737_VSD_Briefing.pdf] is an instrument, part of the Navigational Display (on the MFDs) that show the aircraft's Vertical Navigation Altitudes, Vertical Profile and projects the terrain in front of you. In the Boeing 787-8, it shows approaching terrain for up to 50 miles and also color codes the terrain regions on the basis of danger (red - increase altitude immediately; orange/yellow - advisory; white - safe). The view the Vertical Situation Display, go to the NAV page on any of the MFDs. Note that the VSD is not available on the full-screen ND (NAV page on 2 adjacent MFDs). The VSD is uses a series of Nasal and XML files (which some core developers make like to call 'Hacks') to get functionality of hard coded instruments.

The forum topic for the Vertical Situation Display Development can be found here. [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=15200]
Hooray is also working on a Wiki HowTo on implementing the VSD in nasal. [[Howto: Implement a Vertical Situation Display in Nasal]]

==New Navigation Display==

The Boeing 787-8 features a new Navigation Display (ND) which features the ability to plot the waypoints and connect them, like in the real ND. [[User:zakalawe]] has been working on a hard coded version of such a display but as we didn't get it at the time, we designed this instrument completely with nasal and XML interactions. Another feature on the Boeing 787-8 is the ability to show a larger Navigation display when both pages are set to NAV on the co-pilot's side MFDs. The larger full screen MFD shows more waypoints and the range can be adjusted between 1 nautical mile and 250 nautical miles. It also shows the airport diagram of the nearest airport positioned and rotated in the right configuration and can be seen better when the range is less than 10 nautical miles.

Another feature of the Boeing 787-8's Navigation Display is a very functional TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has also been designed completely in Nasal and XML and does not require wxradar to work.

==Electronic Flight Bag==
Please also see [[Canvas EFB Framework]]

[[File:Omega95-efb-787.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Electronic Flight Bag]]

The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) as the name says is like an electronic database of handy documents and charts. The Electronic Flight Bag on board the Boeing 787-8 can calculate the required amount of fuel for your flight, show any airport's (you can search using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU) information, like elevation, metar and runway information like heading, length, ILS frequency), connect to Virtual Star Alliance's Automatic PIREP System for more functionality, connect to Redneck's FGFSCopilot for logging, show the GPS settings (your position on the world map, course and true headings to your next way-point and distance to your next waypoint. It also has realistic checklists for every phase of the flight, and an operating manual explaining basic maneuvers. You can also "INSTALL" airport diagrams and charts into the '/787-8/EFB-DB' folder which allows you to view them on the CDU (searchable using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU).

===Quick Guide to install and view airport Diagrams===

> Download diagrams from any source, convert them to *.jpg format and rename them '<icao>.jpg'. Then, place them in the EFB-DB folder. Then, use the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU to enter the airport ICAO and it displays the diagram on the EFB.

===Quick Guide to install and view SIDs, STARs and IAPs===

* Download the chart you need from any source (I use http://www.airnav.com for US charts and http://www.opennav.com for others), and convert the chart to *.jpg format. (if it's pdf, a good idea is to open it in full view and take a screenshot :wink: )
* If the airport and chart type folder doesn't yet exist inside the EFB-DB/Charts folder, create them like (for example I want to install the 25L-ILS IAP chart for KLAX) /EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/
* Now, rename your *.jpg file to the chart name (eg. 25L-ILS.jpg) and place it inside the '/EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/' folder.
* Now, open the /EFB-DB/ChartsList.xml file and add in your chart data (use the older charts' data for the format)
* Start up the 787, go to the 'Airport Charts' page on the EFB, go to the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU and
** Enter the Airport ICAO and press on the button next to 'Airport ICAO (Enter)' label (or the space under it on the touch-screen CDU)
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart Type (Select)' label to cycle through SID, STAR and IAP
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart ID (select)' label to cycle through available charts.
** Now, hit the 'DISPLAY >' button on the CDU and look at the EFB to see your chart.

Note that for some charts, the orientation may be land-scape and not portrait. But to overcome that, I've put a 'ROTATE' option on the EFB which rotates the chart when you click it.

''The Above has been taken from the forum topic.''

===''Third-Party'' EFB Software===

The Electronic Flight Bag is also meant to provide and interface third-party and/or operating airline softwares. These are not present in the Flight Management Computer by default but we're working on a couple of ''softwares'' for the EFB. This is not ''unrealistic'' because this is one of the main purposes of the Electronic Flight Bag. Here're the ''softwares'' we're working on for the EFB.

====FGFSCopilot Logger====

The [[FGFSCopilot]] is a java program that can do almost everything required from taking off till landing the plane at your destination. The Boeing 787-8 has an FGFSCopilot Log page in the EFB which shows it's connection status and every log message the FGFSCopilot sends to FlightGear.

====VNAV Automatic Altitudes Generator====

The VNAV AutoGen is a third party software on the EFB that automatically calculates ideal vnav altitudes for the active route. To use it, simply create/load a flightplan, copy it to the active route, go to the VNAV Altitudes Gen page on the EFB and click on ''AUTOGEN >''. That would generate altitudes for you which're displayed on the EFB. You can scroll through the waypoints using ''SCROLL UP >'' and ''SCROLL DOWN >''. Finally, if you're happy with the automatically generated altitudes, click on ''COPY TO RTE >'' to move them to the active route.

==电传飞控系统==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is FlightGear's first Airliner to feature a complete Fly-by-wire system. The idea behind this fly-by-wire is to get it the pilot's controls (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-cmd-norm : where x can be aileron, rudder or elevator) and work with it and give out another output property (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-fbw-output) which is read by the FDM and control surface animators. The throttles don't have a chain such as the other surfaces so that the pilot can easily override the fly-by-wire (one of Boeing's "philosophies"). At this stage, the fly-by-wire can protect the aircraft from extreme bank angles (flight envelope protection- roll) where the bank angle limit can be set by the pilot in the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page, protect the aircraft from extreme alpha angles (flight envelope protection- alpha), calculate the throttle required and set it accordingly to maintain profile on turns, reduce throttle to stay under limits and finally auto-stabilize the plane and maintain the current profile when the yoke is brought back to the center. The Fly-by-wire also dampens the control to prevent any sudden motion. Fly-by-wire can be toggled from the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page.

NOTE : To be able to activate alpha-protection, roll-protection and auto-stabilizer, you need to be atleast higher than 3500 feet. This is so that the fly-by-wire doesn't interrupt your approach.

We've also created a tutorial which shows how you can implement the fly-by-wire we wrote for your aircraft : [[Howto: Implement a Fly-By-Wire System for Airliners]]

==Automatic Vertical Navigation==

I've seen a lot of wiki pages on aircraft autopilot and always noticed that next to 'VNAV -' the author writes either he doesn't know what it is, or it doesn't do anything or he hasn't tested it yet. Well, for a change, here I'm telling you what the VNAV does.

We have designed the autopilot route manager in the CDU to be able to accept VNAV altitudes for each (or whichever you want) waypoint. On the Dialog Route Manager, enter your waypoint in the format 'WP@ALT' for example, 'KSFO@9000'. So let's say you have different altitudes according to your SID/STAR/IAP till cruise altitude and then different altitudes for your waypoints when you land. Let's assume your flight plan to be:
DEP, WP1@3500, WP2@10000, WP3@18000, WP4@26000, WP5, WP6, WP7, WP8, WP9, WP10, WP11@20000, WP12@12000, WP13@8500, WP14@4000, DEST

You doesn't have to enter altitudes for WP5 to WP10 because you'll start cruising at WP5 (say you want to cruise FL360 aka. 36000 ft) and stay at 36000 ft till WP10. That means WP11 will be your 'End Cruise' Waypoint, where you aim at when you're out of the cruise.

To set cruise settings, go to the CDU's 'VNAV' page and enter cruise altitude in the respective area. Then enter your cruise start altitude (in this case, WP5) and cruise end altitude (in this case, WP11) in their respective places (there're labels).

Once you're ready, finish other checklists, take off and turn on 'LNAV' and 'VNAV' on the Autopilot. The VNAV is designed to automatically calculate the required/ideal climb/descent rate to get to your waypoint just in time. Out of all the tests we've conducted, the VNAV is VERY accurate at the moment.

==飞行计划管理系统==

[[File:787-8-fpm.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flightplan Manager]]

In the Feb 25th, 2012 git commit, a new flight-plan management system has been written for the Flight Management Computer(s). The new system, like the real one lets you put in 2 flight-plans (with altitudes), and an alternate airport. You can do everything that you can to the route manager on these 2 flightplans. Boeing likes to call them '''Primary Flightplan''' and '''Secondary Flightplan'''. Once you enter your primary and/or secondary flight-plan, the respective flight-plan's status will show ''READY'' on the flight-plan management page. Then, a new option, ''COPY TO RTE'' will appear under the respective flight-plan and on clicking that, that plan will be moved to the active route. To make any changes to the route, you can either make them to the flight-plan and copy them to the route again or simply work with the active route by clicking on the '''ACTIVE ROUTE''' option in the Flight-plan Management page. An alternate airport is recommended to be entered in the CDU so that in case there's a problem during flight, the plane can be automatically be diverted (by the FMC) without you having to do anything other than pressing the ''DIVERT'' option on the Flight-plan management page. Note that using the ''DIVERT'' button to divert to your alternate airport clears your active route and sets the aircraft on a direct flight to the Alternate Airport.

==Automatic Holding Pattern==

[[File:Boeing-787-8-auto-hold.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Automatic Holding as seen in the FlightGear Tracker]]

The Boeing 787-8 now features an automatic holding pattern system where you enter the hold fix/navaid, hold radial and hold leg time and the aircraft automatically flies in a holding pattern there. (as described in real Instrument Flight Rules Rating Course (IFR) textbooks) This feature is still being developed at the moment and is not perfected, but it still does the basic thing for you.

We have tested this feature from KIAH (George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston) holding at the VOR, LOA (LEONA VORTAC, about 70 miles north-west of KIAH) at a hold radial of 0, and hold leg time 120 seconds. We've been able to hold and re-trace the hold path every lap, but we get a strange shape due to the pid-controller. We're still working on it.

==交通警告与防撞系统==

[[File:787-8-TCAS.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner TCAS]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (as of February 21st, 2012 on GIT) features a brand new TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has a capability of showing 30 Multiplayer aircraft and 20 AI Aircraft on it! Now, you won't have to complain about not seeing all aircraft on VATSIM ;) We're still working on increasing it's capability to 50 each multi-player and AI.

The TCAS has 3 different symbols for each aircraft and 4 different color codes. Each aircrafts' callsign, altitude and true airspeed will also be written next to the sprite.

*The '''Diamond Shaped''' Aircraft sprite shows that the aircraft is ''flying level''.
*The '''Box with Up Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''climbing''.
*The '''Box with Down Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''descending''.

*A '''Cyan or Blue''' Colored Sprite shows that the aircraft is at a safe distance.
*A '''Yellow''' Colored sprite shows that you need to be aware of traffic nearby.
*A '''Orange''' Colored sprite shows that you need to either change altitude or course, consult ATC. It is an advisory.
*A '''Red''' Colored sprite shows that you are in danger and immediately need to follow the TCAS instructions.

The TCAS is configured to sound voice alerts according to the situation. The TCAS voice alerts needs to be followed over the ATC's instruction if they contradict. The TCAS will alert you if you are in danger of collision with MP or AI Aircraft.

''NOTE: The TCAS voice alerts have been confirmed working on FlightGear git (2.7, as of February 19th, 2012) but don't seem to work in FlightGear 2.4.''

==Terrain Map and Weather Radar==

[[File:787-8-terrain-map.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Terrain Map]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (git version as of February 21st, 2012) features a terrain radar which creates a terrain map on the MFD when the Navigational Display is set to TERR mode (you can change the mode from the buttons on both sides of the Mode Control Panel). Click on WXR to view the WXRadar (Collins WXR-2100), TERR to view the Terrain Map and CLR to clear the ND. The weather radar is still under development and a working version is not available, but the terrain map uses a 'get little and interpolate' method to create smooth terrain mapping.

==World Map and Flight Path Plotter==

[[File:787-8-wmap.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Satellite Imaging]]

Another option to put on the ND is the world map. It's not exactly a terrain map, but rather like satellite imaging. The plane is shown (it's zoomed in) on the map and the plane's path is marked with fading red dots. You can get your ND to show the satellite maps by pressing the WMAP button on the ND mode panel. Note that you can have any 1 of WXR, TERR or WMAP on and to remove them, press the 'CLR' button.

==Airline Flight Management Computer==

[[File:787-8-fmc.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flight Management Computer - FLIGHT INFO]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is an Airliner and we can't leave out some of the key features airline manufacturers put in their aircraft. There're 2 major sections in the Flight Management Computer (it's a part of the CDU) - the ROUTE and DEP/ARR. Both pages are accessed from the CDU(s). The Route is directly connected to the Route Manager and doesn't do anything 'special', but the DEP/ARR page lets you work with preset routes, SIDs, STARs, IAPs etc. You can enter the flight number (this is meant for virtual airlines: By default, Merlion's Boeing 787-8 Routes are included in the Database but I'll make a tutorial on how other airlines can put in their data) and be able to search for the flight information. If the airline has specified a Route and/or VNAV Altitudes and Configuration, you can load up those preset routes and altitudes by pressing the 'SET ROUTE >' menu. If a preset route doesn't exist, the FMS will generate a route automatically. A pilot does not have to worry about preset/generated routes. Another feature in the FMC is Scott Hamilton's LevelD-767 NAVDATA Parser, which gets SID/STAR/IAP Data and automatically puts them in the right place in the route manager for you to be able to fly them. This data can be managed from the PROCEDURES option in the DEP/ARR page.

''A much more detailed tutorial of how to use preset routes and automatically set terminal procedures is available in the wiki sub-page: [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]''

''We'll also be creating a video tutorial (Dreamliner Tutorial #6) on the Flight Management Computer.''

===FMS Navigational and Terminal Procedures Data===

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner and the Airbus A380 (being developed by Scott Hamilton) uses Scott's Level-D 767 NAVDATA Parser to get Navigational Data and Terminal Procedures into the aircraft's Flight Management Computer (Flight Management System on the A380). The FMS Data must be downloaded separately.

By default, the 787-8 contains navigational data for the following airport - WSSS, YBBN, KLAX, KJFK, EGKK for testing purposes and as the Flight Management Computer Tutorial is a flight from KLAX to KJFK.

== Work on the C++ front ==
The capabilities provided by this aircraft touch many parts of FlightGear, that will benefit from modifications to the C++ code, this is an attempt at documenting useful C++ work. Most of this should probably be posted to the issue tracker, too.

===Camera/Video Surveillance Instrument===

The Aircraft doesn't 'yet' have a camera/video surveillance instrument but the team is working on it. We are creating a Wiki [[Howto: Use a Camera View in an Instrument]] while working on it so our progress can help other aircraft developers. The basic idea is the render the camera view to texture and get flightgear to display it on the instrument. As this instrument includes work in C++, it will NOT be available in FlightGear 2.4.0 or 2.6.0, and not even git at the moment.

=== Creating a 2D drawing API ===
Also see [[Howto: Create a 2D drawing API for FlightGear]].

=== Increasing the range of geodinfo() ===

Fix geodinfo() so that it may provide access to tiles not yet loaded, i.e. tiles that are not "visible" (which is the limiting factor currently). This will also be useful for the local weather system and probably a number of related scripts.

{{cquote|The tile manager is capable of satisfying multiple requests. Anyone can give it a position, range and a timeout. It will then try to load all tiles in the range specified. And it will stop loading them after the timeout - unless you have updated the request with a new timeout. So you could tell it every 5 seconds that you're interested in a certain area around the aircraft, and use a timeout of 5,01 seconds. A matter of memory and loading speed though.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg33348.html |title=Future Weather System |last=Brehm |first=Thorsten |work=FlightGear-devel mailinglist |date 1 August 2011}}</ref>|Thorsten Brehm}}

=Glass Cockpit=

[[File:Omega95-cockpit.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Glass Cockpit]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner has a very complete and realistic modern glass cockpit based of the real Boeing 787-8 cockpit. Almost all of the instruments (excl. Weather radar which is currently coming up, and the voice comm.) are functional and work like the real thing. Multiple views have been created (like the OHP, CDU, EFB, Full Cockpit Views) so that pilots can easily work on different parts without looking away and adjusting view position.

That's all I can say about the cockpit now... You better test it out to judge it.

=Systems Overview=

==Electrical System==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner uses a modified version of Syd Adam's Jet Electrical System. Backup Generators have been added, a Ram Air Turbine Generator has been implemented and the APU loop has been modified. There are 5 major power sources available are:
* Engine Generators (L1 and R1 are main generators and L2 and R2 are backup)
* Battery
* Primary and Secondary External Power
* APU Generators (Auxiliary Power Unit must be started and running for the APU Generators to provide power)
* Ram Air Turbine (used in case of dual engine failures to provide just enough power for Central Hydraulic Systems (C1 and C2) and Instruments.

To Understand the Electrical System better, take a look at the 'ELEC' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Hydraulic System==

The Hydraulic System on-board is very advanced and does the job it's supposed to do.
There are 3 basic Hydraulic Systems - Left Engine Hydraulics, Right Engine Hydraulics and Central Electrical Hydraulics. Both Left and Right Engine Hydraulic Systems are pressurized by Engine pumps which require the engines to be running. These pumps pressurize the L and R systems that are connected to the flaps, spoilers, brakes and landing gears. Therefore, you need atleast 1 of the 2 Engine pumps to be running to be able to use these. But, the landing gear has an 'alternate gravity drop system' which you can use to get your gear down in case of a hydraulic failure.
The Central System has 2 electric pumps that control pressure to the hydraulic system that controls the ailerons, rudder and elevators. Only 1 of the 2 pumps have to be turned on at a time, and the other can be used as backup in case of a failure. The hydraulic pumps can overheat and fault if not adequately cooled, refer to the 'Pneumatics and Air Conditioning System' for more information on this.

To Understand the Hydraulic System better, take a look at the 'HYD' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Pneumatic System==

The Boeing 787-8's pneumatic and Air-conditioning system controls bleed and flow of air through packs (and trim) which are then used to cool the equipment on board. The pneumatic system is pretty simple, you have 2 packs, 2 trim air controls, a gasper, and engines and APU bleed. The 787's systems automatically control bleed according to what is required and available, but you'll have to control the trim and packs. Equipment Cooling is an option on the Pneumatics panel which passes cool air into the hydraulic and fuel pumps to prevent them from overheating. When a pump overheats, you get a warning and if you do not either turn it off or switch on equipment cooling, the pump can fault. The 'PNEU' page on the MFDs show you more information on equipment temperatures and Pneumatic settings.

==Fuel Control System==

The Fuel Control System let's you control the 7 fuel pumps on board the 787-8 Dreamliner (2 Left Tank Pumps, 2 Central Tank Pumps, 2 Right Tank Pumps and a Crossfeed pump). The left tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the left engine, while the right tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the right engine. In case of a fuel imbalance, you can turn on the crossfeed pumps to transfer fuel from the tank with excess fuel to the one with low fuel.

===Fuel Jettison===

The Aircraft has a complete fuel jettison system where you can select which wing nozzle to jettison from, arm jettison and use a knob to define the dump rate. If the Left Nozzle is activated and Fuel Jettison is armed, you dump fuel from the left and central tanks, and the same for the right nozzle. Note that the 787 will NOT let you dump fuel if you have less than a critical value.

==Heating System==

[[File:Omega95-window-heating.jpeg|300px|thumb|Ice starts building up on the windows if temperature is sub-zero and window heating is turned off.]]

The Heating System on board controls 4 different heating equipment. First of all, let's get into "natural icing".

===Natural Icing at certain Conditions===

If your TAT (Total Air Temperature) value is under 10, your wings, engines and wind shield can start picking up ice. Window Ice simply forms on the window and obstructs your view out of the cockpit. Whereas, wing ice actually affects your lift and drag in the FDM! As for engine ice, if you have extremely high amounts of ice, the engines can fault and you might have to cool and then restart them.

Note that Engine surges are NOT due to ice build up. If you get an engine surge while flying, you might either be flying over Vne, or in extreme weather conditions with N1 above safe limit in those conditions.

===The Aircraft's way of Taking care of Ice===

The '''Window Heating''' switches on the overhead panel enables a heater to start melting the ice on the windshield letting you see outside clearly.

The '''Anti-Ice''' knobs (2 engine knobs and a wing anti-ice knob) let you control the heating equipment on the respective areas.

The 'HEAT' page on the MFD should have more information on the Heating Systems.

==Gear System==

The Boeing 787-8 dreamliner has 3 retractable gear units, the nose gear has 2 tires, and the main landing gears have 4 each in a square layout. The gear system manages gear compression and failures (stuck, tires burst and break off) on the basis of airspeed, wow and compression.

The gears system can be monitored from the 'GEAR' page on the MFD(s).

==Ground Service Controls==

[[File:787-ground.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Service Controls]]

[[File:787-ground_1.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Right)]]

[[File:787-ground_2.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Left)]]

===Fuel Truck===

The fuel truck (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Fuel Truck Controls) can be enabled/disabled and connected/disconnected from the aircraft's fuel value under the wing. You can enter an amount of fuel in the request fuel quantity input and ask the truck to re-fuel the aircraft to that quantity. You can also ask it to drain the fuel tanks.

===De-icing Truck===

The de-icing truck along with the other ground services can be controls from the ''Ground Services Controls'' menu (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Ground Services Controls). The de-icing truck can be enabled/disabled and you can also de-icing the aircraft. The de-icing process includes the truck animations and actually de-icing the aircraft!

===External Power Box===

The External Power box is a stand-alone generator that provides external power to the aircraft. When enabled, it is connected to the external power socked under the aircraft's left wing. Note that this needs to be enabled so that you get external power. When you start FlightGear, the external power will be enabled by default.

===Landing Gear Chocks===

Landing gear chocks are triangular prism shaped blocks that are placed in front of and behind the landing gears to prevent the aircraft from moving. These chocks will also prevent the aircraft from moving in FlightGear and are enabled by default on start up. Note that to get the aircraft moving, you need to remove the parking brakes and chocks.

===Catering Truck===

The catering truck can be enabled/disabled and toggled. The ''Toggle Catering'' option is to lift/lower the catering box and connect to the the R1 Door. It doesn't do anything else.

===Baggage Ramp and Trailers===

These're just models and don't do anything at the moment.

==System Failure Simulation==

[[File:787-failures.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Failure Simulator]]

The aircraft has a built-in failure simulation dialog where you can get different systems to fail in different ways. The failure simulation dialog can do the following:
* Flame-out any of the engines
* Fail any of the engines
* Set any of the engines on fire
* Burst any of the Wheel Tyres
* Have a gear unit ''break-off''
* Stuck a gear unit in it's current position
* Fail individual hydraulic systems
* Overheat any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps
* Fault any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps

Other general failures like Electrical, Static etc. have not been implemented in this dialog as they can already be controlled with FlightGear's Generic System Failures dialog.

''NOTE: When you flame-out an engine, it can be restarted, but not in the case of a failure. Faults just means that the pump is too hot to function, but it can be restarted when cooled.''

'''IMPORTANT!'''
*In case of an engine surge, (this cannot be toggled by user as it requires certain weather conditions and N1 to occur) immediately reduce throttle and get the N1 under 65%. If you're flying too fast, try to slow down and avoidance extreme weather (heavy rain and snow) would be a nice idea if you want to prevent surges.
*In case of an engine fire, pull the respective engine's fire extinguisher lever (it's right behind the throttle quadrant) and cutoff fuel to that engine. If the fire persists and you don't extinguish it, the engine may face an explosion and severe damage will be inflicted, leaving that engine unusable (basically, you can't restart it)

=Virtual Copilot=

Johan G posted in the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Forum Topic:
''I really see why there could be a real need to have a copilot along when "flying in" the aircraft during pilot conversion.''

Basically, the systems are very complex that it might be difficult for just 1 person to control the plane and manage the systems. As an immediate solution, the virtual copilot can announce ref. speeds, control flap lever, control gear lever, control heating and pneumatics, set altimeter setting and engage thrust reverser's and spoilers on touchdown. You can select exactly what you want ''him'' to do in the Virtual Copilot Settings Dialog.

On the other hand, we're working on a new advanced dual control system which allows the copilot to completely control the aircraft and see all instruments over multiplayer.

=Downloading the 787-8=

See the <code>Aircraft/787-8/</code> directory in [[FGAddon]]. 

=Aircraft of the month!=

{{#ev:youtube|WlzEoCsJvz4|480|center}}

Thanks to Oscar [http://www.youtube.com/user/osjcag] for the amazing ''Aircraft of the Month Review Video'' for the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner.

=Boeing 787-8 Wiki Sub-Pages=

* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Operating Manual and Checklists]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Video Tutorials]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Control Display Unit Reference Manual]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]

=Aircraft Status and ToDo List=

==Flight Dynamics Model: 4==

* The Boeing 787-8 has a JSBSim FDM matching a lot of results from http://www.lissys.demon.co.uk/samp1/desmis.html
* We don't have more detailed test results. so we can't test everything yet. Once we get that, we need to tune the FDM further.

==Aircraft Systems: 5==

* The Aircraft has very advanced systems imitating realistic systems from the real 787.
* Random/Checkable Failures purposely haven't been implemented as random is never realistic. But Engine failures, ice etc. occur in the appropriate conditions.
* The 787-8 has very advanced instruments, flight management computer, hydraulic, electric, pneumatic, heating, fuel etc. systems.

==Cockpit and Instruments: 4==

* The cockpit is very detailed and most buttons are there and functional.
* The instrument displays are very advanced and functional, the ND could be replaced by a hard coded version though.
* A Camera View instrument is supposed to be there but isn't, but we're working on a hard coded camera view instrument.
* The aircraft uses textures extracted from pictures and ambient occlusions created with blender.
* The complete cockpit has been light-mapped and looks very good at night too.

==Model: 4==

* The model is still from the old 787-8, there's the basic model without a cabin, rods aren't yet complete either.
* The landing gears have been re-done and look a lot better now, but the model has a much better scope of improvement.
* The Model Rating has been taken right out of the old Boeing 787-8

=Related content=
There are plenty of tutorials and code snippets that were specifically created for this project, this is a list of all things related:

{{Appendix|all|
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/aerospace/msc/avadi/units/projects/ub2009f/group7/7878summarysheet.pdf |title=787-8 Summary Sheet |date=21 January 2009 |publisher=Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090121-023.pdf |title=The Boeing 787 Aircraft |work=Air Force HSI |publisher=Wright-Patterson Air Force Base }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_07/AERO_Q407.pdf |title=AERO Quarterly |date=2007 |publisher=Boeing}}
----
{{references}}

'''Weather radar (wxradar)'''
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcockpit.com/data/pdfs/flightops/aircraft/Collins_WXR-2100_Operator%27s_Guide.pdf |title=Collins WXR-2100 MultiScan™ Radar Fully Automatic Weather Radar |date=2003 |publisher=Rockwell Collins }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.ll.mit.edu/publications/journal/pdf/vol12_no2/12_2weatherradar.pdf |title=Weather Radar Development and Application Programs |last=Evans |first=James E. |coauthors=Weber, Mark E. |date=2000 |work=Lincoln Laboratory Journal}}
}}

[[File:787-8-cockpit-panorama.jpeg|800px|Panoramic View of the 787-8 Dreamliner Cockpit]]
{{boeing}}
[[Category:Red Griffin ATC compatible aircraft]]
[[en:Boeing_787-8_Dreamliner]]

Zh/Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner

2024-10-20T04:21:30Z

Gzhang: Update the Chinese translation.

{{BeingTranslated}}[[User:Gzhang|Gzhang]] ([[User talk:Gzhang|talk]]) 10:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

'''波音787-8 “梦想客机” '''项目旨在改进[[Boeing 787|旧版波音787]]上的系统与[[cockpit|驾驶舱]]。这个项目最初由Omega95和Redneck承担工作，对于原来的模型作了重大改进与重新开发，只有机模主体与涂装未经改动。有一个有意思的改变与关键特点是新的机模实现了基于[[JSBSim]]的新的[[Flight Dynamics Model|空气动力学模型]]。它在创建时使用了来自[https://www.lissys.uk/samp1/desmis.html the Piano tool]的大量数据。另外一些有趣的特点包括了一个很酷的“玻璃驾驶舱(即电化驾驶舱）” ，它有着十分详细的波音787的仪表，以及液压、气动、供暖、燃料系统和电传飞控等高级系统。

这个项目的开发最早可以追溯到在论坛上787-8的CDU开发，从这以后，它就变为了一项社区项目。它的成功来源于很多开发者和论坛用户的贡献。另一个关键特点是：每当新发现、新方法出现，它们就会在论坛上持续下去，并且很快会有人写出百科的How-to教程，从而帮到其他开发者。

=新发明=

==New Control Display Unit==
[[File:Omega95-cdu-boeing-787-8.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Control Display Unit]]

A new [[Control Display Unit]] (CDU) specifically built for the Boeing 787-8 replaces the generic Boeing CDU and lets you control many of the configurations and settings on the aircraft like VNAV Cruise Settings, the flight plan (with VNAV altitudes,jump to, activate and remove features), Fly-By-Wire Configuration, Departure/Arrival Settings, Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) input etc.

The forum topic for the Boeing 787-8 CDU development can be found in [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=15082 this forum topic].

'''Functions Accessible through the Control Display Unit:'''
*Electronic Flight Bag Input
*Fly-by-wire Configuration
*Vertical Navigation Configuration
*Flight(plan) Management Computer
*Automatic Hold Configuration
*Set Terminal Procedures
*Flight Logging System
*Take-off and Approach Reference Speeds (keeps calculation according to weight)

==Vertical Situation Display==

[[File:Omega95-vsd-instrument.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Vertical Situation Display]]

A Vertical Situation Display [http://hoeprr.home.xs4all.nl/DreamHC/Download/B737_VSD_Briefing.pdf] is an instrument, part of the Navigational Display (on the MFDs) that show the aircraft's Vertical Navigation Altitudes, Vertical Profile and projects the terrain in front of you. In the Boeing 787-8, it shows approaching terrain for up to 50 miles and also color codes the terrain regions on the basis of danger (red - increase altitude immediately; orange/yellow - advisory; white - safe). The view the Vertical Situation Display, go to the NAV page on any of the MFDs. Note that the VSD is not available on the full-screen ND (NAV page on 2 adjacent MFDs). The VSD is uses a series of Nasal and XML files (which some core developers make like to call 'Hacks') to get functionality of hard coded instruments.

The forum topic for the Vertical Situation Display Development can be found here. [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=15200]
Hooray is also working on a Wiki HowTo on implementing the VSD in nasal. [[Howto: Implement a Vertical Situation Display in Nasal]]

==New Navigation Display==

The Boeing 787-8 features a new Navigation Display (ND) which features the ability to plot the waypoints and connect them, like in the real ND. [[User:zakalawe]] has been working on a hard coded version of such a display but as we didn't get it at the time, we designed this instrument completely with nasal and XML interactions. Another feature on the Boeing 787-8 is the ability to show a larger Navigation display when both pages are set to NAV on the co-pilot's side MFDs. The larger full screen MFD shows more waypoints and the range can be adjusted between 1 nautical mile and 250 nautical miles. It also shows the airport diagram of the nearest airport positioned and rotated in the right configuration and can be seen better when the range is less than 10 nautical miles.

Another feature of the Boeing 787-8's Navigation Display is a very functional TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has also been designed completely in Nasal and XML and does not require wxradar to work.

==Electronic Flight Bag==
Please also see [[Canvas EFB Framework]]

[[File:Omega95-efb-787.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Electronic Flight Bag]]

The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) as the name says is like an electronic database of handy documents and charts. The Electronic Flight Bag on board the Boeing 787-8 can calculate the required amount of fuel for your flight, show any airport's (you can search using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU) information, like elevation, metar and runway information like heading, length, ILS frequency), connect to Virtual Star Alliance's Automatic PIREP System for more functionality, connect to Redneck's FGFSCopilot for logging, show the GPS settings (your position on the world map, course and true headings to your next way-point and distance to your next waypoint. It also has realistic checklists for every phase of the flight, and an operating manual explaining basic maneuvers. You can also "INSTALL" airport diagrams and charts into the '/787-8/EFB-DB' folder which allows you to view them on the CDU (searchable using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU).

===Quick Guide to install and view airport Diagrams===

> Download diagrams from any source, convert them to *.jpg format and rename them '<icao>.jpg'. Then, place them in the EFB-DB folder. Then, use the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU to enter the airport ICAO and it displays the diagram on the EFB.

===Quick Guide to install and view SIDs, STARs and IAPs===

* Download the chart you need from any source (I use http://www.airnav.com for US charts and http://www.opennav.com for others), and convert the chart to *.jpg format. (if it's pdf, a good idea is to open it in full view and take a screenshot :wink: )
* If the airport and chart type folder doesn't yet exist inside the EFB-DB/Charts folder, create them like (for example I want to install the 25L-ILS IAP chart for KLAX) /EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/
* Now, rename your *.jpg file to the chart name (eg. 25L-ILS.jpg) and place it inside the '/EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/' folder.
* Now, open the /EFB-DB/ChartsList.xml file and add in your chart data (use the older charts' data for the format)
* Start up the 787, go to the 'Airport Charts' page on the EFB, go to the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU and
** Enter the Airport ICAO and press on the button next to 'Airport ICAO (Enter)' label (or the space under it on the touch-screen CDU)
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart Type (Select)' label to cycle through SID, STAR and IAP
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart ID (select)' label to cycle through available charts.
** Now, hit the 'DISPLAY >' button on the CDU and look at the EFB to see your chart.

Note that for some charts, the orientation may be land-scape and not portrait. But to overcome that, I've put a 'ROTATE' option on the EFB which rotates the chart when you click it.

''The Above has been taken from the forum topic.''

===''Third-Party'' EFB Software===

The Electronic Flight Bag is also meant to provide and interface third-party and/or operating airline softwares. These are not present in the Flight Management Computer by default but we're working on a couple of ''softwares'' for the EFB. This is not ''unrealistic'' because this is one of the main purposes of the Electronic Flight Bag. Here're the ''softwares'' we're working on for the EFB.

====FGFSCopilot Logger====

The [[FGFSCopilot]] is a java program that can do almost everything required from taking off till landing the plane at your destination. The Boeing 787-8 has an FGFSCopilot Log page in the EFB which shows it's connection status and every log message the FGFSCopilot sends to FlightGear.

====VNAV Automatic Altitudes Generator====

The VNAV AutoGen is a third party software on the EFB that automatically calculates ideal vnav altitudes for the active route. To use it, simply create/load a flightplan, copy it to the active route, go to the VNAV Altitudes Gen page on the EFB and click on ''AUTOGEN >''. That would generate altitudes for you which're displayed on the EFB. You can scroll through the waypoints using ''SCROLL UP >'' and ''SCROLL DOWN >''. Finally, if you're happy with the automatically generated altitudes, click on ''COPY TO RTE >'' to move them to the active route.

==电传飞控系统==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is FlightGear's first Airliner to feature a complete Fly-by-wire system. The idea behind this fly-by-wire is to get it the pilot's controls (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-cmd-norm : where x can be aileron, rudder or elevator) and work with it and give out another output property (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-fbw-output) which is read by the FDM and control surface animators. The throttles don't have a chain such as the other surfaces so that the pilot can easily override the fly-by-wire (one of Boeing's "philosophies"). At this stage, the fly-by-wire can protect the aircraft from extreme bank angles (flight envelope protection- roll) where the bank angle limit can be set by the pilot in the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page, protect the aircraft from extreme alpha angles (flight envelope protection- alpha), calculate the throttle required and set it accordingly to maintain profile on turns, reduce throttle to stay under limits and finally auto-stabilize the plane and maintain the current profile when the yoke is brought back to the center. The Fly-by-wire also dampens the control to prevent any sudden motion. Fly-by-wire can be toggled from the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page.

NOTE : To be able to activate alpha-protection, roll-protection and auto-stabilizer, you need to be atleast higher than 3500 feet. This is so that the fly-by-wire doesn't interrupt your approach.

We've also created a tutorial which shows how you can implement the fly-by-wire we wrote for your aircraft : [[Howto: Implement a Fly-By-Wire System for Airliners]]

==Automatic Vertical Navigation==

I've seen a lot of wiki pages on aircraft autopilot and always noticed that next to 'VNAV -' the author writes either he doesn't know what it is, or it doesn't do anything or he hasn't tested it yet. Well, for a change, here I'm telling you what the VNAV does.

We have designed the autopilot route manager in the CDU to be able to accept VNAV altitudes for each (or whichever you want) waypoint. On the Dialog Route Manager, enter your waypoint in the format 'WP@ALT' for example, 'KSFO@9000'. So let's say you have different altitudes according to your SID/STAR/IAP till cruise altitude and then different altitudes for your waypoints when you land. Let's assume your flight plan to be:
DEP, WP1@3500, WP2@10000, WP3@18000, WP4@26000, WP5, WP6, WP7, WP8, WP9, WP10, WP11@20000, WP12@12000, WP13@8500, WP14@4000, DEST

You doesn't have to enter altitudes for WP5 to WP10 because you'll start cruising at WP5 (say you want to cruise FL360 aka. 36000 ft) and stay at 36000 ft till WP10. That means WP11 will be your 'End Cruise' Waypoint, where you aim at when you're out of the cruise.

To set cruise settings, go to the CDU's 'VNAV' page and enter cruise altitude in the respective area. Then enter your cruise start altitude (in this case, WP5) and cruise end altitude (in this case, WP11) in their respective places (there're labels).

Once you're ready, finish other checklists, take off and turn on 'LNAV' and 'VNAV' on the Autopilot. The VNAV is designed to automatically calculate the required/ideal climb/descent rate to get to your waypoint just in time. Out of all the tests we've conducted, the VNAV is VERY accurate at the moment.

==飞行计划管理系统==

[[File:787-8-fpm.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flightplan Manager]]

In the Feb 25th, 2012 git commit, a new flight-plan management system has been written for the Flight Management Computer(s). The new system, like the real one lets you put in 2 flight-plans (with altitudes), and an alternate airport. You can do everything that you can to the route manager on these 2 flightplans. Boeing likes to call them '''Primary Flightplan''' and '''Secondary Flightplan'''. Once you enter your primary and/or secondary flight-plan, the respective flight-plan's status will show ''READY'' on the flight-plan management page. Then, a new option, ''COPY TO RTE'' will appear under the respective flight-plan and on clicking that, that plan will be moved to the active route. To make any changes to the route, you can either make them to the flight-plan and copy them to the route again or simply work with the active route by clicking on the '''ACTIVE ROUTE''' option in the Flight-plan Management page. An alternate airport is recommended to be entered in the CDU so that in case there's a problem during flight, the plane can be automatically be diverted (by the FMC) without you having to do anything other than pressing the ''DIVERT'' option on the Flight-plan management page. Note that using the ''DIVERT'' button to divert to your alternate airport clears your active route and sets the aircraft on a direct flight to the Alternate Airport.

==Automatic Holding Pattern==

[[File:Boeing-787-8-auto-hold.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Automatic Holding as seen in the FlightGear Tracker]]

The Boeing 787-8 now features an automatic holding pattern system where you enter the hold fix/navaid, hold radial and hold leg time and the aircraft automatically flies in a holding pattern there. (as described in real Instrument Flight Rules Rating Course (IFR) textbooks) This feature is still being developed at the moment and is not perfected, but it still does the basic thing for you.

We have tested this feature from KIAH (George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston) holding at the VOR, LOA (LEONA VORTAC, about 70 miles north-west of KIAH) at a hold radial of 0, and hold leg time 120 seconds. We've been able to hold and re-trace the hold path every lap, but we get a strange shape due to the pid-controller. We're still working on it.

==交通警告与防撞系统==

[[File:787-8-TCAS.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner TCAS]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (as of February 21st, 2012 on GIT) features a brand new TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has a capability of showing 30 Multiplayer aircraft and 20 AI Aircraft on it! Now, you won't have to complain about not seeing all aircraft on VATSIM ;) We're still working on increasing it's capability to 50 each multi-player and AI.

The TCAS has 3 different symbols for each aircraft and 4 different color codes. Each aircrafts' callsign, altitude and true airspeed will also be written next to the sprite.

*The '''Diamond Shaped''' Aircraft sprite shows that the aircraft is ''flying level''.
*The '''Box with Up Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''climbing''.
*The '''Box with Down Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''descending''.

*A '''Cyan or Blue''' Colored Sprite shows that the aircraft is at a safe distance.
*A '''Yellow''' Colored sprite shows that you need to be aware of traffic nearby.
*A '''Orange''' Colored sprite shows that you need to either change altitude or course, consult ATC. It is an advisory.
*A '''Red''' Colored sprite shows that you are in danger and immediately need to follow the TCAS instructions.

The TCAS is configured to sound voice alerts according to the situation. The TCAS voice alerts needs to be followed over the ATC's instruction if they contradict. The TCAS will alert you if you are in danger of collision with MP or AI Aircraft.

''NOTE: The TCAS voice alerts have been confirmed working on FlightGear git (2.7, as of February 19th, 2012) but don't seem to work in FlightGear 2.4.''

==Terrain Map and Weather Radar==

[[File:787-8-terrain-map.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Terrain Map]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (git version as of February 21st, 2012) features a terrain radar which creates a terrain map on the MFD when the Navigational Display is set to TERR mode (you can change the mode from the buttons on both sides of the Mode Control Panel). Click on WXR to view the WXRadar (Collins WXR-2100), TERR to view the Terrain Map and CLR to clear the ND. The weather radar is still under development and a working version is not available, but the terrain map uses a 'get little and interpolate' method to create smooth terrain mapping.

==World Map and Flight Path Plotter==

[[File:787-8-wmap.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Satellite Imaging]]

Another option to put on the ND is the world map. It's not exactly a terrain map, but rather like satellite imaging. The plane is shown (it's zoomed in) on the map and the plane's path is marked with fading red dots. You can get your ND to show the satellite maps by pressing the WMAP button on the ND mode panel. Note that you can have any 1 of WXR, TERR or WMAP on and to remove them, press the 'CLR' button.

==Airline Flight Management Computer==

[[File:787-8-fmc.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flight Management Computer - FLIGHT INFO]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is an Airliner and we can't leave out some of the key features airline manufacturers put in their aircraft. There're 2 major sections in the Flight Management Computer (it's a part of the CDU) - the ROUTE and DEP/ARR. Both pages are accessed from the CDU(s). The Route is directly connected to the Route Manager and doesn't do anything 'special', but the DEP/ARR page lets you work with preset routes, SIDs, STARs, IAPs etc. You can enter the flight number (this is meant for virtual airlines: By default, Merlion's Boeing 787-8 Routes are included in the Database but I'll make a tutorial on how other airlines can put in their data) and be able to search for the flight information. If the airline has specified a Route and/or VNAV Altitudes and Configuration, you can load up those preset routes and altitudes by pressing the 'SET ROUTE >' menu. If a preset route doesn't exist, the FMS will generate a route automatically. A pilot does not have to worry about preset/generated routes. Another feature in the FMC is Scott Hamilton's LevelD-767 NAVDATA Parser, which gets SID/STAR/IAP Data and automatically puts them in the right place in the route manager for you to be able to fly them. This data can be managed from the PROCEDURES option in the DEP/ARR page.

''A much more detailed tutorial of how to use preset routes and automatically set terminal procedures is available in the wiki sub-page: [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]''

''We'll also be creating a video tutorial (Dreamliner Tutorial #6) on the Flight Management Computer.''

===FMS Navigational and Terminal Procedures Data===

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner and the Airbus A380 (being developed by Scott Hamilton) uses Scott's Level-D 767 NAVDATA Parser to get Navigational Data and Terminal Procedures into the aircraft's Flight Management Computer (Flight Management System on the A380). The FMS Data must be downloaded separately.

By default, the 787-8 contains navigational data for the following airport - WSSS, YBBN, KLAX, KJFK, EGKK for testing purposes and as the Flight Management Computer Tutorial is a flight from KLAX to KJFK.

== Work on the C++ front ==
The capabilities provided by this aircraft touch many parts of FlightGear, that will benefit from modifications to the C++ code, this is an attempt at documenting useful C++ work. Most of this should probably be posted to the issue tracker, too.

===Camera/Video Surveillance Instrument===

The Aircraft doesn't 'yet' have a camera/video surveillance instrument but the team is working on it. We are creating a Wiki [[Howto: Use a Camera View in an Instrument]] while working on it so our progress can help other aircraft developers. The basic idea is the render the camera view to texture and get flightgear to display it on the instrument. As this instrument includes work in C++, it will NOT be available in FlightGear 2.4.0 or 2.6.0, and not even git at the moment.

=== Creating a 2D drawing API ===
Also see [[Howto: Create a 2D drawing API for FlightGear]].

=== Increasing the range of geodinfo() ===

Fix geodinfo() so that it may provide access to tiles not yet loaded, i.e. tiles that are not "visible" (which is the limiting factor currently). This will also be useful for the local weather system and probably a number of related scripts.

{{cquote|The tile manager is capable of satisfying multiple requests. Anyone can give it a position, range and a timeout. It will then try to load all tiles in the range specified. And it will stop loading them after the timeout - unless you have updated the request with a new timeout. So you could tell it every 5 seconds that you're interested in a certain area around the aircraft, and use a timeout of 5,01 seconds. A matter of memory and loading speed though.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg33348.html |title=Future Weather System |last=Brehm |first=Thorsten |work=FlightGear-devel mailinglist |date 1 August 2011}}</ref>|Thorsten Brehm}}

=Glass Cockpit=

[[File:Omega95-cockpit.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Glass Cockpit]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner has a very complete and realistic modern glass cockpit based of the real Boeing 787-8 cockpit. Almost all of the instruments (excl. Weather radar which is currently coming up, and the voice comm.) are functional and work like the real thing. Multiple views have been created (like the OHP, CDU, EFB, Full Cockpit Views) so that pilots can easily work on different parts without looking away and adjusting view position.

That's all I can say about the cockpit now... You better test it out to judge it.

=Systems Overview=

==Electrical System==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner uses a modified version of Syd Adam's Jet Electrical System. Backup Generators have been added, a Ram Air Turbine Generator has been implemented and the APU loop has been modified. There are 5 major power sources available are:
* Engine Generators (L1 and R1 are main generators and L2 and R2 are backup)
* Battery
* Primary and Secondary External Power
* APU Generators (Auxiliary Power Unit must be started and running for the APU Generators to provide power)
* Ram Air Turbine (used in case of dual engine failures to provide just enough power for Central Hydraulic Systems (C1 and C2) and Instruments.

To Understand the Electrical System better, take a look at the 'ELEC' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Hydraulic System==

The Hydraulic System on-board is very advanced and does the job it's supposed to do.
There are 3 basic Hydraulic Systems - Left Engine Hydraulics, Right Engine Hydraulics and Central Electrical Hydraulics. Both Left and Right Engine Hydraulic Systems are pressurized by Engine pumps which require the engines to be running. These pumps pressurize the L and R systems that are connected to the flaps, spoilers, brakes and landing gears. Therefore, you need atleast 1 of the 2 Engine pumps to be running to be able to use these. But, the landing gear has an 'alternate gravity drop system' which you can use to get your gear down in case of a hydraulic failure.
The Central System has 2 electric pumps that control pressure to the hydraulic system that controls the ailerons, rudder and elevators. Only 1 of the 2 pumps have to be turned on at a time, and the other can be used as backup in case of a failure. The hydraulic pumps can overheat and fault if not adequately cooled, refer to the 'Pneumatics and Air Conditioning System' for more information on this.

To Understand the Hydraulic System better, take a look at the 'HYD' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Pneumatic System==

The Boeing 787-8's pneumatic and Air-conditioning system controls bleed and flow of air through packs (and trim) which are then used to cool the equipment on board. The pneumatic system is pretty simple, you have 2 packs, 2 trim air controls, a gasper, and engines and APU bleed. The 787's systems automatically control bleed according to what is required and available, but you'll have to control the trim and packs. Equipment Cooling is an option on the Pneumatics panel which passes cool air into the hydraulic and fuel pumps to prevent them from overheating. When a pump overheats, you get a warning and if you do not either turn it off or switch on equipment cooling, the pump can fault. The 'PNEU' page on the MFDs show you more information on equipment temperatures and Pneumatic settings.

==Fuel Control System==

The Fuel Control System let's you control the 7 fuel pumps on board the 787-8 Dreamliner (2 Left Tank Pumps, 2 Central Tank Pumps, 2 Right Tank Pumps and a Crossfeed pump). The left tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the left engine, while the right tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the right engine. In case of a fuel imbalance, you can turn on the crossfeed pumps to transfer fuel from the tank with excess fuel to the one with low fuel.

===Fuel Jettison===

The Aircraft has a complete fuel jettison system where you can select which wing nozzle to jettison from, arm jettison and use a knob to define the dump rate. If the Left Nozzle is activated and Fuel Jettison is armed, you dump fuel from the left and central tanks, and the same for the right nozzle. Note that the 787 will NOT let you dump fuel if you have less than a critical value.

==Heating System==

[[File:Omega95-window-heating.jpeg|300px|thumb|Ice starts building up on the windows if temperature is sub-zero and window heating is turned off.]]

The Heating System on board controls 4 different heating equipment. First of all, let's get into "natural icing".

===Natural Icing at certain Conditions===

If your TAT (Total Air Temperature) value is under 10, your wings, engines and wind shield can start picking up ice. Window Ice simply forms on the window and obstructs your view out of the cockpit. Whereas, wing ice actually affects your lift and drag in the FDM! As for engine ice, if you have extremely high amounts of ice, the engines can fault and you might have to cool and then restart them.

Note that Engine surges are NOT due to ice build up. If you get an engine surge while flying, you might either be flying over Vne, or in extreme weather conditions with N1 above safe limit in those conditions.

===The Aircraft's way of Taking care of Ice===

The '''Window Heating''' switches on the overhead panel enables a heater to start melting the ice on the windshield letting you see outside clearly.

The '''Anti-Ice''' knobs (2 engine knobs and a wing anti-ice knob) let you control the heating equipment on the respective areas.

The 'HEAT' page on the MFD should have more information on the Heating Systems.

==Gear System==

The Boeing 787-8 dreamliner has 3 retractable gear units, the nose gear has 2 tires, and the main landing gears have 4 each in a square layout. The gear system manages gear compression and failures (stuck, tires burst and break off) on the basis of airspeed, wow and compression.

The gears system can be monitored from the 'GEAR' page on the MFD(s).

==Ground Service Controls==

[[File:787-ground.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Service Controls]]

[[File:787-ground_1.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Right)]]

[[File:787-ground_2.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Left)]]

===Fuel Truck===

The fuel truck (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Fuel Truck Controls) can be enabled/disabled and connected/disconnected from the aircraft's fuel value under the wing. You can enter an amount of fuel in the request fuel quantity input and ask the truck to re-fuel the aircraft to that quantity. You can also ask it to drain the fuel tanks.

===De-icing Truck===

The de-icing truck along with the other ground services can be controls from the ''Ground Services Controls'' menu (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Ground Services Controls). The de-icing truck can be enabled/disabled and you can also de-icing the aircraft. The de-icing process includes the truck animations and actually de-icing the aircraft!

===External Power Box===

The External Power box is a stand-alone generator that provides external power to the aircraft. When enabled, it is connected to the external power socked under the aircraft's left wing. Note that this needs to be enabled so that you get external power. When you start FlightGear, the external power will be enabled by default.

===Landing Gear Chocks===

Landing gear chocks are triangular prism shaped blocks that are placed in front of and behind the landing gears to prevent the aircraft from moving. These chocks will also prevent the aircraft from moving in FlightGear and are enabled by default on start up. Note that to get the aircraft moving, you need to remove the parking brakes and chocks.

===Catering Truck===

The catering truck can be enabled/disabled and toggled. The ''Toggle Catering'' option is to lift/lower the catering box and connect to the the R1 Door. It doesn't do anything else.

===Baggage Ramp and Trailers===

These're just models and don't do anything at the moment.

==System Failure Simulation==

[[File:787-failures.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Failure Simulator]]

The aircraft has a built-in failure simulation dialog where you can get different systems to fail in different ways. The failure simulation dialog can do the following:
* Flame-out any of the engines
* Fail any of the engines
* Set any of the engines on fire
* Burst any of the Wheel Tyres
* Have a gear unit ''break-off''
* Stuck a gear unit in it's current position
* Fail individual hydraulic systems
* Overheat any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps
* Fault any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps

Other general failures like Electrical, Static etc. have not been implemented in this dialog as they can already be controlled with FlightGear's Generic System Failures dialog.

''NOTE: When you flame-out an engine, it can be restarted, but not in the case of a failure. Faults just means that the pump is too hot to function, but it can be restarted when cooled.''

'''IMPORTANT!'''
*In case of an engine surge, (this cannot be toggled by user as it requires certain weather conditions and N1 to occur) immediately reduce throttle and get the N1 under 65%. If you're flying too fast, try to slow down and avoidance extreme weather (heavy rain and snow) would be a nice idea if you want to prevent surges.
*In case of an engine fire, pull the respective engine's fire extinguisher lever (it's right behind the throttle quadrant) and cutoff fuel to that engine. If the fire persists and you don't extinguish it, the engine may face an explosion and severe damage will be inflicted, leaving that engine unusable (basically, you can't restart it)

=Virtual Copilot=

Johan G posted in the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Forum Topic:
''I really see why there could be a real need to have a copilot along when "flying in" the aircraft during pilot conversion.''

Basically, the systems are very complex that it might be difficult for just 1 person to control the plane and manage the systems. As an immediate solution, the virtual copilot can announce ref. speeds, control flap lever, control gear lever, control heating and pneumatics, set altimeter setting and engage thrust reverser's and spoilers on touchdown. You can select exactly what you want ''him'' to do in the Virtual Copilot Settings Dialog.

On the other hand, we're working on a new advanced dual control system which allows the copilot to completely control the aircraft and see all instruments over multiplayer.

=Downloading the 787-8=

See the <code>Aircraft/787-8/</code> directory in [[FGAddon]]. 

=Aircraft of the month!=

{{#ev:youtube|WlzEoCsJvz4|480|center}}

Thanks to Oscar [http://www.youtube.com/user/osjcag] for the amazing ''Aircraft of the Month Review Video'' for the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner.

=Boeing 787-8 Wiki Sub-Pages=

* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Operating Manual and Checklists]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Video Tutorials]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Control Display Unit Reference Manual]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]

=Aircraft Status and ToDo List=

==Flight Dynamics Model: 4==

* The Boeing 787-8 has a JSBSim FDM matching a lot of results from http://www.lissys.demon.co.uk/samp1/desmis.html
* We don't have more detailed test results. so we can't test everything yet. Once we get that, we need to tune the FDM further.

==Aircraft Systems: 5==

* The Aircraft has very advanced systems imitating realistic systems from the real 787.
* Random/Checkable Failures purposely haven't been implemented as random is never realistic. But Engine failures, ice etc. occur in the appropriate conditions.
* The 787-8 has very advanced instruments, flight management computer, hydraulic, electric, pneumatic, heating, fuel etc. systems.

==Cockpit and Instruments: 4==

* The cockpit is very detailed and most buttons are there and functional.
* The instrument displays are very advanced and functional, the ND could be replaced by a hard coded version though.
* A Camera View instrument is supposed to be there but isn't, but we're working on a hard coded camera view instrument.
* The aircraft uses textures extracted from pictures and ambient occlusions created with blender.
* The complete cockpit has been light-mapped and looks very good at night too.

==Model: 4==

* The model is still from the old 787-8, there's the basic model without a cabin, rods aren't yet complete either.
* The landing gears have been re-done and look a lot better now, but the model has a much better scope of improvement.
* The Model Rating has been taken right out of the old Boeing 787-8

=Related content=
There are plenty of tutorials and code snippets that were specifically created for this project, this is a list of all things related:

{{Appendix|all|
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/aerospace/msc/avadi/units/projects/ub2009f/group7/7878summarysheet.pdf |title=787-8 Summary Sheet |date=21 January 2009 |publisher=Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090121-023.pdf |title=The Boeing 787 Aircraft |work=Air Force HSI |publisher=Wright-Patterson Air Force Base }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_07/AERO_Q407.pdf |title=AERO Quarterly |date=2007 |publisher=Boeing}}
----
{{references}}

'''Weather radar (wxradar)'''
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcockpit.com/data/pdfs/flightops/aircraft/Collins_WXR-2100_Operator%27s_Guide.pdf |title=Collins WXR-2100 MultiScan™ Radar Fully Automatic Weather Radar |date=2003 |publisher=Rockwell Collins }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.ll.mit.edu/publications/journal/pdf/vol12_no2/12_2weatherradar.pdf |title=Weather Radar Development and Application Programs |last=Evans |first=James E. |coauthors=Weber, Mark E. |date=2000 |work=Lincoln Laboratory Journal}}
}}

[[File:787-8-cockpit-panorama.jpeg|800px|Panoramic View of the 787-8 Dreamliner Cockpit]]
{{boeing}}
[[Category:Red Griffin ATC compatible aircraft]]
[[en:Boeing_787-8_Dreamliner]]

Zh/Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner

2024-10-04T23:45:52Z

Gzhang: Update the Chinese translation.

{{BeingTranslated}}[[User:Gzhang|Gzhang]] ([[User talk:Gzhang|talk]]) 10:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

'''波音787-8 “梦想客机” '''项目旨在改进[[Boeing 787|旧版波音787]]上的系统与[[cockpit|驾驶舱]]。这个项目最初由Omega95和Redneck承担工作，对于原来的模型作了重大改进与重新开发，只有机模主体与涂装未经改动。有一个有意思的改变与关键特点是新的机模实现了基于[[JSBSim]]的新的[[Flight Dynamics Model|空气动力学模型]]。它在创建时使用了来自[https://www.lissys.uk/samp1/desmis.html the Piano tool]的大量数据。另外一些有趣的特点包括了一个很酷的“玻璃驾驶舱(即电化驾驶舱）” ，它有着十分详细的波音787的仪表，以及液压、气动、供暖、燃料系统和电传飞控等高级系统。

这个项目的开发最早可以追溯到在论坛上787-8的CDU开发，从这以后，它就变为了一项社区项目。它的成功来源于很多开发者和论坛用户的贡献。另一个关键特点是：每当新发现、新方法出现，它们就会在论坛上持续下去，并且很快会有人写出百科的How-to教程，从而帮到其他开发者。

=Innovation=

==New Control Display Unit==
[[File:Omega95-cdu-boeing-787-8.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Control Display Unit]]

A new [[Control Display Unit]] (CDU) specifically built for the Boeing 787-8 replaces the generic Boeing CDU and lets you control many of the configurations and settings on the aircraft like VNAV Cruise Settings, the flight plan (with VNAV altitudes,jump to, activate and remove features), Fly-By-Wire Configuration, Departure/Arrival Settings, Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) input etc.

The forum topic for the Boeing 787-8 CDU development can be found in [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=15082 this forum topic].

'''Functions Accessible through the Control Display Unit:'''
*Electronic Flight Bag Input
*Fly-by-wire Configuration
*Vertical Navigation Configuration
*Flight(plan) Management Computer
*Automatic Hold Configuration
*Set Terminal Procedures
*Flight Logging System
*Take-off and Approach Reference Speeds (keeps calculation according to weight)

==Vertical Situation Display==

[[File:Omega95-vsd-instrument.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Vertical Situation Display]]

A Vertical Situation Display [http://hoeprr.home.xs4all.nl/DreamHC/Download/B737_VSD_Briefing.pdf] is an instrument, part of the Navigational Display (on the MFDs) that show the aircraft's Vertical Navigation Altitudes, Vertical Profile and projects the terrain in front of you. In the Boeing 787-8, it shows approaching terrain for up to 50 miles and also color codes the terrain regions on the basis of danger (red - increase altitude immediately; orange/yellow - advisory; white - safe). The view the Vertical Situation Display, go to the NAV page on any of the MFDs. Note that the VSD is not available on the full-screen ND (NAV page on 2 adjacent MFDs). The VSD is uses a series of Nasal and XML files (which some core developers make like to call 'Hacks') to get functionality of hard coded instruments.

The forum topic for the Vertical Situation Display Development can be found here. [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=15200]
Hooray is also working on a Wiki HowTo on implementing the VSD in nasal. [[Howto: Implement a Vertical Situation Display in Nasal]]

==New Navigation Display==

The Boeing 787-8 features a new Navigation Display (ND) which features the ability to plot the waypoints and connect them, like in the real ND. [[User:zakalawe]] has been working on a hard coded version of such a display but as we didn't get it at the time, we designed this instrument completely with nasal and XML interactions. Another feature on the Boeing 787-8 is the ability to show a larger Navigation display when both pages are set to NAV on the co-pilot's side MFDs. The larger full screen MFD shows more waypoints and the range can be adjusted between 1 nautical mile and 250 nautical miles. It also shows the airport diagram of the nearest airport positioned and rotated in the right configuration and can be seen better when the range is less than 10 nautical miles.

Another feature of the Boeing 787-8's Navigation Display is a very functional TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has also been designed completely in Nasal and XML and does not require wxradar to work.

==Electronic Flight Bag==
Please also see [[Canvas EFB Framework]]

[[File:Omega95-efb-787.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Electronic Flight Bag]]

The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) as the name says is like an electronic database of handy documents and charts. The Electronic Flight Bag on board the Boeing 787-8 can calculate the required amount of fuel for your flight, show any airport's (you can search using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU) information, like elevation, metar and runway information like heading, length, ILS frequency), connect to Virtual Star Alliance's Automatic PIREP System for more functionality, connect to Redneck's FGFSCopilot for logging, show the GPS settings (your position on the world map, course and true headings to your next way-point and distance to your next waypoint. It also has realistic checklists for every phase of the flight, and an operating manual explaining basic maneuvers. You can also "INSTALL" airport diagrams and charts into the '/787-8/EFB-DB' folder which allows you to view them on the CDU (searchable using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU).

===Quick Guide to install and view airport Diagrams===

> Download diagrams from any source, convert them to *.jpg format and rename them '<icao>.jpg'. Then, place them in the EFB-DB folder. Then, use the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU to enter the airport ICAO and it displays the diagram on the EFB.

===Quick Guide to install and view SIDs, STARs and IAPs===

* Download the chart you need from any source (I use http://www.airnav.com for US charts and http://www.opennav.com for others), and convert the chart to *.jpg format. (if it's pdf, a good idea is to open it in full view and take a screenshot :wink: )
* If the airport and chart type folder doesn't yet exist inside the EFB-DB/Charts folder, create them like (for example I want to install the 25L-ILS IAP chart for KLAX) /EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/
* Now, rename your *.jpg file to the chart name (eg. 25L-ILS.jpg) and place it inside the '/EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/' folder.
* Now, open the /EFB-DB/ChartsList.xml file and add in your chart data (use the older charts' data for the format)
* Start up the 787, go to the 'Airport Charts' page on the EFB, go to the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU and
** Enter the Airport ICAO and press on the button next to 'Airport ICAO (Enter)' label (or the space under it on the touch-screen CDU)
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart Type (Select)' label to cycle through SID, STAR and IAP
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart ID (select)' label to cycle through available charts.
** Now, hit the 'DISPLAY >' button on the CDU and look at the EFB to see your chart.

Note that for some charts, the orientation may be land-scape and not portrait. But to overcome that, I've put a 'ROTATE' option on the EFB which rotates the chart when you click it.

''The Above has been taken from the forum topic.''

===''Third-Party'' EFB Software===

The Electronic Flight Bag is also meant to provide and interface third-party and/or operating airline softwares. These are not present in the Flight Management Computer by default but we're working on a couple of ''softwares'' for the EFB. This is not ''unrealistic'' because this is one of the main purposes of the Electronic Flight Bag. Here're the ''softwares'' we're working on for the EFB.

====FGFSCopilot Logger====

The [[FGFSCopilot]] is a java program that can do almost everything required from taking off till landing the plane at your destination. The Boeing 787-8 has an FGFSCopilot Log page in the EFB which shows it's connection status and every log message the FGFSCopilot sends to FlightGear.

====VNAV Automatic Altitudes Generator====

The VNAV AutoGen is a third party software on the EFB that automatically calculates ideal vnav altitudes for the active route. To use it, simply create/load a flightplan, copy it to the active route, go to the VNAV Altitudes Gen page on the EFB and click on ''AUTOGEN >''. That would generate altitudes for you which're displayed on the EFB. You can scroll through the waypoints using ''SCROLL UP >'' and ''SCROLL DOWN >''. Finally, if you're happy with the automatically generated altitudes, click on ''COPY TO RTE >'' to move them to the active route.

==Fly-By-Wire System==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is FlightGear's first Airliner to feature a complete Fly-by-wire system. The idea behind this fly-by-wire is to get it the pilot's controls (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-cmd-norm : where x can be aileron, rudder or elevator) and work with it and give out another output property (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-fbw-output) which is read by the FDM and control surface animators. The throttles don't have a chain such as the other surfaces so that the pilot can easily override the fly-by-wire (one of Boeing's "philosophies"). At this stage, the fly-by-wire can protect the aircraft from extreme bank angles (flight envelope protection- roll) where the bank angle limit can be set by the pilot in the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page, protect the aircraft from extreme alpha angles (flight envelope protection- alpha), calculate the throttle required and set it accordingly to maintain profile on turns, reduce throttle to stay under limits and finally auto-stabilize the plane and maintain the current profile when the yoke is brought back to the center. The Fly-by-wire also dampens the control to prevent any sudden motion. Fly-by-wire can be toggled from the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page.

NOTE : To be able to activate alpha-protection, roll-protection and auto-stabilizer, you need to be atleast higher than 3500 feet. This is so that the fly-by-wire doesn't interrupt your approach.

We've also created a tutorial which shows how you can implement the fly-by-wire we wrote for your aircraft : [[Howto: Implement a Fly-By-Wire System for Airliners]]

==Automatic Vertical Navigation==

I've seen a lot of wiki pages on aircraft autopilot and always noticed that next to 'VNAV -' the author writes either he doesn't know what it is, or it doesn't do anything or he hasn't tested it yet. Well, for a change, here I'm telling you what the VNAV does.

We have designed the autopilot route manager in the CDU to be able to accept VNAV altitudes for each (or whichever you want) waypoint. On the Dialog Route Manager, enter your waypoint in the format 'WP@ALT' for example, 'KSFO@9000'. So let's say you have different altitudes according to your SID/STAR/IAP till cruise altitude and then different altitudes for your waypoints when you land. Let's assume your flight plan to be:
DEP, WP1@3500, WP2@10000, WP3@18000, WP4@26000, WP5, WP6, WP7, WP8, WP9, WP10, WP11@20000, WP12@12000, WP13@8500, WP14@4000, DEST

You doesn't have to enter altitudes for WP5 to WP10 because you'll start cruising at WP5 (say you want to cruise FL360 aka. 36000 ft) and stay at 36000 ft till WP10. That means WP11 will be your 'End Cruise' Waypoint, where you aim at when you're out of the cruise.

To set cruise settings, go to the CDU's 'VNAV' page and enter cruise altitude in the respective area. Then enter your cruise start altitude (in this case, WP5) and cruise end altitude (in this case, WP11) in their respective places (there're labels).

Once you're ready, finish other checklists, take off and turn on 'LNAV' and 'VNAV' on the Autopilot. The VNAV is designed to automatically calculate the required/ideal climb/descent rate to get to your waypoint just in time. Out of all the tests we've conducted, the VNAV is VERY accurate at the moment.

==Flight-plan Management System==

[[File:787-8-fpm.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flightplan Manager]]

In the Feb 25th, 2012 git commit, a new flight-plan management system has been written for the Flight Management Computer(s). The new system, like the real one lets you put in 2 flight-plans (with altitudes), and an alternate airport. You can do everything that you can to the route manager on these 2 flightplans. Boeing likes to call them '''Primary Flightplan''' and '''Secondary Flightplan'''. Once you enter your primary and/or secondary flight-plan, the respective flight-plan's status will show ''READY'' on the flight-plan management page. Then, a new option, ''COPY TO RTE'' will appear under the respective flight-plan and on clicking that, that plan will be moved to the active route. To make any changes to the route, you can either make them to the flight-plan and copy them to the route again or simply work with the active route by clicking on the '''ACTIVE ROUTE''' option in the Flight-plan Management page. An alternate airport is recommended to be entered in the CDU so that in case there's a problem during flight, the plane can be automatically be diverted (by the FMC) without you having to do anything other than pressing the ''DIVERT'' option on the Flight-plan management page. Note that using the ''DIVERT'' button to divert to your alternate airport clears your active route and sets the aircraft on a direct flight to the Alternate Airport.

==Automatic Holding Pattern==

[[File:Boeing-787-8-auto-hold.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Automatic Holding as seen in the FlightGear Tracker]]

The Boeing 787-8 now features an automatic holding pattern system where you enter the hold fix/navaid, hold radial and hold leg time and the aircraft automatically flies in a holding pattern there. (as described in real Instrument Flight Rules Rating Course (IFR) textbooks) This feature is still being developed at the moment and is not perfected, but it still does the basic thing for you.

We have tested this feature from KIAH (George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston) holding at the VOR, LOA (LEONA VORTAC, about 70 miles north-west of KIAH) at a hold radial of 0, and hold leg time 120 seconds. We've been able to hold and re-trace the hold path every lap, but we get a strange shape due to the pid-controller. We're still working on it.

==Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System==

[[File:787-8-TCAS.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner TCAS]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (as of February 21st, 2012 on GIT) features a brand new TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has a capability of showing 30 Multiplayer aircraft and 20 AI Aircraft on it! Now, you won't have to complain about not seeing all aircraft on VATSIM ;) We're still working on increasing it's capability to 50 each multi-player and AI.

The TCAS has 3 different symbols for each aircraft and 4 different color codes. Each aircrafts' callsign, altitude and true airspeed will also be written next to the sprite.

*The '''Diamond Shaped''' Aircraft sprite shows that the aircraft is ''flying level''.
*The '''Box with Up Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''climbing''.
*The '''Box with Down Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''descending''.

*A '''Cyan or Blue''' Colored Sprite shows that the aircraft is at a safe distance.
*A '''Yellow''' Colored sprite shows that you need to be aware of traffic nearby.
*A '''Orange''' Colored sprite shows that you need to either change altitude or course, consult ATC. It is an advisory.
*A '''Red''' Colored sprite shows that you are in danger and immediately need to follow the TCAS instructions.

The TCAS is configured to sound voice alerts according to the situation. The TCAS voice alerts needs to be followed over the ATC's instruction if they contradict. The TCAS will alert you if you are in danger of collision with MP or AI Aircraft.

''NOTE: The TCAS voice alerts have been confirmed working on FlightGear git (2.7, as of February 19th, 2012) but don't seem to work in FlightGear 2.4.''

==Terrain Map and Weather Radar==

[[File:787-8-terrain-map.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Terrain Map]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (git version as of February 21st, 2012) features a terrain radar which creates a terrain map on the MFD when the Navigational Display is set to TERR mode (you can change the mode from the buttons on both sides of the Mode Control Panel). Click on WXR to view the WXRadar (Collins WXR-2100), TERR to view the Terrain Map and CLR to clear the ND. The weather radar is still under development and a working version is not available, but the terrain map uses a 'get little and interpolate' method to create smooth terrain mapping.

==World Map and Flight Path Plotter==

[[File:787-8-wmap.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Satellite Imaging]]

Another option to put on the ND is the world map. It's not exactly a terrain map, but rather like satellite imaging. The plane is shown (it's zoomed in) on the map and the plane's path is marked with fading red dots. You can get your ND to show the satellite maps by pressing the WMAP button on the ND mode panel. Note that you can have any 1 of WXR, TERR or WMAP on and to remove them, press the 'CLR' button.

==Airline Flight Management Computer==

[[File:787-8-fmc.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flight Management Computer - FLIGHT INFO]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is an Airliner and we can't leave out some of the key features airline manufacturers put in their aircraft. There're 2 major sections in the Flight Management Computer (it's a part of the CDU) - the ROUTE and DEP/ARR. Both pages are accessed from the CDU(s). The Route is directly connected to the Route Manager and doesn't do anything 'special', but the DEP/ARR page lets you work with preset routes, SIDs, STARs, IAPs etc. You can enter the flight number (this is meant for virtual airlines: By default, Merlion's Boeing 787-8 Routes are included in the Database but I'll make a tutorial on how other airlines can put in their data) and be able to search for the flight information. If the airline has specified a Route and/or VNAV Altitudes and Configuration, you can load up those preset routes and altitudes by pressing the 'SET ROUTE >' menu. If a preset route doesn't exist, the FMS will generate a route automatically. A pilot does not have to worry about preset/generated routes. Another feature in the FMC is Scott Hamilton's LevelD-767 NAVDATA Parser, which gets SID/STAR/IAP Data and automatically puts them in the right place in the route manager for you to be able to fly them. This data can be managed from the PROCEDURES option in the DEP/ARR page.

''A much more detailed tutorial of how to use preset routes and automatically set terminal procedures is available in the wiki sub-page: [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]''

''We'll also be creating a video tutorial (Dreamliner Tutorial #6) on the Flight Management Computer.''

===FMS Navigational and Terminal Procedures Data===

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner and the Airbus A380 (being developed by Scott Hamilton) uses Scott's Level-D 767 NAVDATA Parser to get Navigational Data and Terminal Procedures into the aircraft's Flight Management Computer (Flight Management System on the A380). The FMS Data must be downloaded separately.

By default, the 787-8 contains navigational data for the following airport - WSSS, YBBN, KLAX, KJFK, EGKK for testing purposes and as the Flight Management Computer Tutorial is a flight from KLAX to KJFK.

== Work on the C++ front ==
The capabilities provided by this aircraft touch many parts of FlightGear, that will benefit from modifications to the C++ code, this is an attempt at documenting useful C++ work. Most of this should probably be posted to the issue tracker, too.

===Camera/Video Surveillance Instrument===

The Aircraft doesn't 'yet' have a camera/video surveillance instrument but the team is working on it. We are creating a Wiki [[Howto: Use a Camera View in an Instrument]] while working on it so our progress can help other aircraft developers. The basic idea is the render the camera view to texture and get flightgear to display it on the instrument. As this instrument includes work in C++, it will NOT be available in FlightGear 2.4.0 or 2.6.0, and not even git at the moment.

=== Creating a 2D drawing API ===
Also see [[Howto: Create a 2D drawing API for FlightGear]].

=== Increasing the range of geodinfo() ===

Fix geodinfo() so that it may provide access to tiles not yet loaded, i.e. tiles that are not "visible" (which is the limiting factor currently). This will also be useful for the local weather system and probably a number of related scripts.

{{cquote|The tile manager is capable of satisfying multiple requests. Anyone can give it a position, range and a timeout. It will then try to load all tiles in the range specified. And it will stop loading them after the timeout - unless you have updated the request with a new timeout. So you could tell it every 5 seconds that you're interested in a certain area around the aircraft, and use a timeout of 5,01 seconds. A matter of memory and loading speed though.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg33348.html |title=Future Weather System |last=Brehm |first=Thorsten |work=FlightGear-devel mailinglist |date 1 August 2011}}</ref>|Thorsten Brehm}}

=Glass Cockpit=

[[File:Omega95-cockpit.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Glass Cockpit]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner has a very complete and realistic modern glass cockpit based of the real Boeing 787-8 cockpit. Almost all of the instruments (excl. Weather radar which is currently coming up, and the voice comm.) are functional and work like the real thing. Multiple views have been created (like the OHP, CDU, EFB, Full Cockpit Views) so that pilots can easily work on different parts without looking away and adjusting view position.

That's all I can say about the cockpit now... You better test it out to judge it.

=Systems Overview=

==Electrical System==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner uses a modified version of Syd Adam's Jet Electrical System. Backup Generators have been added, a Ram Air Turbine Generator has been implemented and the APU loop has been modified. There are 5 major power sources available are:
* Engine Generators (L1 and R1 are main generators and L2 and R2 are backup)
* Battery
* Primary and Secondary External Power
* APU Generators (Auxiliary Power Unit must be started and running for the APU Generators to provide power)
* Ram Air Turbine (used in case of dual engine failures to provide just enough power for Central Hydraulic Systems (C1 and C2) and Instruments.

To Understand the Electrical System better, take a look at the 'ELEC' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Hydraulic System==

The Hydraulic System on-board is very advanced and does the job it's supposed to do.
There are 3 basic Hydraulic Systems - Left Engine Hydraulics, Right Engine Hydraulics and Central Electrical Hydraulics. Both Left and Right Engine Hydraulic Systems are pressurized by Engine pumps which require the engines to be running. These pumps pressurize the L and R systems that are connected to the flaps, spoilers, brakes and landing gears. Therefore, you need atleast 1 of the 2 Engine pumps to be running to be able to use these. But, the landing gear has an 'alternate gravity drop system' which you can use to get your gear down in case of a hydraulic failure.
The Central System has 2 electric pumps that control pressure to the hydraulic system that controls the ailerons, rudder and elevators. Only 1 of the 2 pumps have to be turned on at a time, and the other can be used as backup in case of a failure. The hydraulic pumps can overheat and fault if not adequately cooled, refer to the 'Pneumatics and Air Conditioning System' for more information on this.

To Understand the Hydraulic System better, take a look at the 'HYD' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Pneumatic System==

The Boeing 787-8's pneumatic and Air-conditioning system controls bleed and flow of air through packs (and trim) which are then used to cool the equipment on board. The pneumatic system is pretty simple, you have 2 packs, 2 trim air controls, a gasper, and engines and APU bleed. The 787's systems automatically control bleed according to what is required and available, but you'll have to control the trim and packs. Equipment Cooling is an option on the Pneumatics panel which passes cool air into the hydraulic and fuel pumps to prevent them from overheating. When a pump overheats, you get a warning and if you do not either turn it off or switch on equipment cooling, the pump can fault. The 'PNEU' page on the MFDs show you more information on equipment temperatures and Pneumatic settings.

==Fuel Control System==

The Fuel Control System let's you control the 7 fuel pumps on board the 787-8 Dreamliner (2 Left Tank Pumps, 2 Central Tank Pumps, 2 Right Tank Pumps and a Crossfeed pump). The left tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the left engine, while the right tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the right engine. In case of a fuel imbalance, you can turn on the crossfeed pumps to transfer fuel from the tank with excess fuel to the one with low fuel.

===Fuel Jettison===

The Aircraft has a complete fuel jettison system where you can select which wing nozzle to jettison from, arm jettison and use a knob to define the dump rate. If the Left Nozzle is activated and Fuel Jettison is armed, you dump fuel from the left and central tanks, and the same for the right nozzle. Note that the 787 will NOT let you dump fuel if you have less than a critical value.

==Heating System==

[[File:Omega95-window-heating.jpeg|300px|thumb|Ice starts building up on the windows if temperature is sub-zero and window heating is turned off.]]

The Heating System on board controls 4 different heating equipment. First of all, let's get into "natural icing".

===Natural Icing at certain Conditions===

If your TAT (Total Air Temperature) value is under 10, your wings, engines and wind shield can start picking up ice. Window Ice simply forms on the window and obstructs your view out of the cockpit. Whereas, wing ice actually affects your lift and drag in the FDM! As for engine ice, if you have extremely high amounts of ice, the engines can fault and you might have to cool and then restart them.

Note that Engine surges are NOT due to ice build up. If you get an engine surge while flying, you might either be flying over Vne, or in extreme weather conditions with N1 above safe limit in those conditions.

===The Aircraft's way of Taking care of Ice===

The '''Window Heating''' switches on the overhead panel enables a heater to start melting the ice on the windshield letting you see outside clearly.

The '''Anti-Ice''' knobs (2 engine knobs and a wing anti-ice knob) let you control the heating equipment on the respective areas.

The 'HEAT' page on the MFD should have more information on the Heating Systems.

==Gear System==

The Boeing 787-8 dreamliner has 3 retractable gear units, the nose gear has 2 tires, and the main landing gears have 4 each in a square layout. The gear system manages gear compression and failures (stuck, tires burst and break off) on the basis of airspeed, wow and compression.

The gears system can be monitored from the 'GEAR' page on the MFD(s).

==Ground Service Controls==

[[File:787-ground.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Service Controls]]

[[File:787-ground_1.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Right)]]

[[File:787-ground_2.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Left)]]

===Fuel Truck===

The fuel truck (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Fuel Truck Controls) can be enabled/disabled and connected/disconnected from the aircraft's fuel value under the wing. You can enter an amount of fuel in the request fuel quantity input and ask the truck to re-fuel the aircraft to that quantity. You can also ask it to drain the fuel tanks.

===De-icing Truck===

The de-icing truck along with the other ground services can be controls from the ''Ground Services Controls'' menu (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Ground Services Controls). The de-icing truck can be enabled/disabled and you can also de-icing the aircraft. The de-icing process includes the truck animations and actually de-icing the aircraft!

===External Power Box===

The External Power box is a stand-alone generator that provides external power to the aircraft. When enabled, it is connected to the external power socked under the aircraft's left wing. Note that this needs to be enabled so that you get external power. When you start FlightGear, the external power will be enabled by default.

===Landing Gear Chocks===

Landing gear chocks are triangular prism shaped blocks that are placed in front of and behind the landing gears to prevent the aircraft from moving. These chocks will also prevent the aircraft from moving in FlightGear and are enabled by default on start up. Note that to get the aircraft moving, you need to remove the parking brakes and chocks.

===Catering Truck===

The catering truck can be enabled/disabled and toggled. The ''Toggle Catering'' option is to lift/lower the catering box and connect to the the R1 Door. It doesn't do anything else.

===Baggage Ramp and Trailers===

These're just models and don't do anything at the moment.

==System Failure Simulation==

[[File:787-failures.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Failure Simulator]]

The aircraft has a built-in failure simulation dialog where you can get different systems to fail in different ways. The failure simulation dialog can do the following:
* Flame-out any of the engines
* Fail any of the engines
* Set any of the engines on fire
* Burst any of the Wheel Tyres
* Have a gear unit ''break-off''
* Stuck a gear unit in it's current position
* Fail individual hydraulic systems
* Overheat any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps
* Fault any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps

Other general failures like Electrical, Static etc. have not been implemented in this dialog as they can already be controlled with FlightGear's Generic System Failures dialog.

''NOTE: When you flame-out an engine, it can be restarted, but not in the case of a failure. Faults just means that the pump is too hot to function, but it can be restarted when cooled.''

'''IMPORTANT!'''
*In case of an engine surge, (this cannot be toggled by user as it requires certain weather conditions and N1 to occur) immediately reduce throttle and get the N1 under 65%. If you're flying too fast, try to slow down and avoidance extreme weather (heavy rain and snow) would be a nice idea if you want to prevent surges.
*In case of an engine fire, pull the respective engine's fire extinguisher lever (it's right behind the throttle quadrant) and cutoff fuel to that engine. If the fire persists and you don't extinguish it, the engine may face an explosion and severe damage will be inflicted, leaving that engine unusable (basically, you can't restart it)

=Virtual Copilot=

Johan G posted in the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Forum Topic:
''I really see why there could be a real need to have a copilot along when "flying in" the aircraft during pilot conversion.''

Basically, the systems are very complex that it might be difficult for just 1 person to control the plane and manage the systems. As an immediate solution, the virtual copilot can announce ref. speeds, control flap lever, control gear lever, control heating and pneumatics, set altimeter setting and engage thrust reverser's and spoilers on touchdown. You can select exactly what you want ''him'' to do in the Virtual Copilot Settings Dialog.

On the other hand, we're working on a new advanced dual control system which allows the copilot to completely control the aircraft and see all instruments over multiplayer.

=Downloading the 787-8=

See the <code>Aircraft/787-8/</code> directory in [[FGAddon]]. 

=Aircraft of the month!=

{{#ev:youtube|WlzEoCsJvz4|480|center}}

Thanks to Oscar [http://www.youtube.com/user/osjcag] for the amazing ''Aircraft of the Month Review Video'' for the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner.

=Boeing 787-8 Wiki Sub-Pages=

* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Operating Manual and Checklists]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Video Tutorials]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Control Display Unit Reference Manual]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]

=Aircraft Status and ToDo List=

==Flight Dynamics Model: 4==

* The Boeing 787-8 has a JSBSim FDM matching a lot of results from http://www.lissys.demon.co.uk/samp1/desmis.html
* We don't have more detailed test results. so we can't test everything yet. Once we get that, we need to tune the FDM further.

==Aircraft Systems: 5==

* The Aircraft has very advanced systems imitating realistic systems from the real 787.
* Random/Checkable Failures purposely haven't been implemented as random is never realistic. But Engine failures, ice etc. occur in the appropriate conditions.
* The 787-8 has very advanced instruments, flight management computer, hydraulic, electric, pneumatic, heating, fuel etc. systems.

==Cockpit and Instruments: 4==

* The cockpit is very detailed and most buttons are there and functional.
* The instrument displays are very advanced and functional, the ND could be replaced by a hard coded version though.
* A Camera View instrument is supposed to be there but isn't, but we're working on a hard coded camera view instrument.
* The aircraft uses textures extracted from pictures and ambient occlusions created with blender.
* The complete cockpit has been light-mapped and looks very good at night too.

==Model: 4==

* The model is still from the old 787-8, there's the basic model without a cabin, rods aren't yet complete either.
* The landing gears have been re-done and look a lot better now, but the model has a much better scope of improvement.
* The Model Rating has been taken right out of the old Boeing 787-8

=Related content=
There are plenty of tutorials and code snippets that were specifically created for this project, this is a list of all things related:

{{Appendix|all|
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/aerospace/msc/avadi/units/projects/ub2009f/group7/7878summarysheet.pdf |title=787-8 Summary Sheet |date=21 January 2009 |publisher=Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090121-023.pdf |title=The Boeing 787 Aircraft |work=Air Force HSI |publisher=Wright-Patterson Air Force Base }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_07/AERO_Q407.pdf |title=AERO Quarterly |date=2007 |publisher=Boeing}}
----
{{references}}

'''Weather radar (wxradar)'''
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcockpit.com/data/pdfs/flightops/aircraft/Collins_WXR-2100_Operator%27s_Guide.pdf |title=Collins WXR-2100 MultiScan™ Radar Fully Automatic Weather Radar |date=2003 |publisher=Rockwell Collins }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.ll.mit.edu/publications/journal/pdf/vol12_no2/12_2weatherradar.pdf |title=Weather Radar Development and Application Programs |last=Evans |first=James E. |coauthors=Weber, Mark E. |date=2000 |work=Lincoln Laboratory Journal}}
}}

[[File:787-8-cockpit-panorama.jpeg|800px|Panoramic View of the 787-8 Dreamliner Cockpit]]
{{boeing}}
[[Category:Red Griffin ATC compatible aircraft]]
[[en:Boeing_787-8_Dreamliner]]

Zh/Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner

2024-10-04T10:09:45Z

Gzhang: Update the Chinese translation.

{{BeingTranslated}}[[User:Gzhang|Gzhang]] ([[User talk:Gzhang|talk]]) 10:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

'''波音787-8 “梦想客机” '''项目旨在改进[[Boeing 787|旧版波音787]]上的系统与[[cockpit|驾驶舱]]。这个项目最初由Omega95和Redneck承担工作，对于原来的模型作了重大改进与重新开发，只有机模主体与涂装未经改动。有一个有意思的改变与关键特点是新的机模实现了基于[[JSBSim]]的新的[[Flight Dynamics Model|空气动力学模型]]。它在创建时使用了来自[https://www.lissys.uk/samp1/desmis.html the Piano tool]的大量数据。另外一些有趣的特点包括了一个很酷的“玻璃驾驶舱(即电化驾驶舱）” ，它有着十分详细的波音787的仪表，以及液压、气动、供暖、燃料系统和电传飞控等高级系统。

这个项目的开发最早可以追溯到在论坛上787-8的CDU开发，从这以后，它就变为了一项社区项目。它的成功来源于很多开发者和论坛用户的贡献。另一个关键特点是每当新发现、新方法出现，它们就会在论坛上持续下去，并且很快会有百科的How-to教程被写出，从而帮到其他开发者。

=Innovations=

==New Control Display Unit==
[[File:Omega95-cdu-boeing-787-8.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Control Display Unit]]

A new [[Control Display Unit]] (CDU) specifically built for the Boeing 787-8 replaces the generic Boeing CDU and lets you control many of the configurations and settings on the aircraft like VNAV Cruise Settings, the flight plan (with VNAV altitudes,jump to, activate and remove features), Fly-By-Wire Configuration, Departure/Arrival Settings, Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) input etc.

The forum topic for the Boeing 787-8 CDU development can be found in [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=15082 this forum topic].

'''Functions Accessible through the Control Display Unit:'''
*Electronic Flight Bag Input
*Fly-by-wire Configuration
*Vertical Navigation Configuration
*Flight(plan) Management Computer
*Automatic Hold Configuration
*Set Terminal Procedures
*Flight Logging System
*Take-off and Approach Reference Speeds (keeps calculation according to weight)

==Vertical Situation Display==

[[File:Omega95-vsd-instrument.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Vertical Situation Display]]

A Vertical Situation Display [http://hoeprr.home.xs4all.nl/DreamHC/Download/B737_VSD_Briefing.pdf] is an instrument, part of the Navigational Display (on the MFDs) that show the aircraft's Vertical Navigation Altitudes, Vertical Profile and projects the terrain in front of you. In the Boeing 787-8, it shows approaching terrain for up to 50 miles and also color codes the terrain regions on the basis of danger (red - increase altitude immediately; orange/yellow - advisory; white - safe). The view the Vertical Situation Display, go to the NAV page on any of the MFDs. Note that the VSD is not available on the full-screen ND (NAV page on 2 adjacent MFDs). The VSD is uses a series of Nasal and XML files (which some core developers make like to call 'Hacks') to get functionality of hard coded instruments.

The forum topic for the Vertical Situation Display Development can be found here. [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=15200]
Hooray is also working on a Wiki HowTo on implementing the VSD in nasal. [[Howto: Implement a Vertical Situation Display in Nasal]]

==New Navigation Display==

The Boeing 787-8 features a new Navigation Display (ND) which features the ability to plot the waypoints and connect them, like in the real ND. [[User:zakalawe]] has been working on a hard coded version of such a display but as we didn't get it at the time, we designed this instrument completely with nasal and XML interactions. Another feature on the Boeing 787-8 is the ability to show a larger Navigation display when both pages are set to NAV on the co-pilot's side MFDs. The larger full screen MFD shows more waypoints and the range can be adjusted between 1 nautical mile and 250 nautical miles. It also shows the airport diagram of the nearest airport positioned and rotated in the right configuration and can be seen better when the range is less than 10 nautical miles.

Another feature of the Boeing 787-8's Navigation Display is a very functional TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has also been designed completely in Nasal and XML and does not require wxradar to work.

==Electronic Flight Bag==
Please also see [[Canvas EFB Framework]]

[[File:Omega95-efb-787.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Electronic Flight Bag]]

The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) as the name says is like an electronic database of handy documents and charts. The Electronic Flight Bag on board the Boeing 787-8 can calculate the required amount of fuel for your flight, show any airport's (you can search using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU) information, like elevation, metar and runway information like heading, length, ILS frequency), connect to Virtual Star Alliance's Automatic PIREP System for more functionality, connect to Redneck's FGFSCopilot for logging, show the GPS settings (your position on the world map, course and true headings to your next way-point and distance to your next waypoint. It also has realistic checklists for every phase of the flight, and an operating manual explaining basic maneuvers. You can also "INSTALL" airport diagrams and charts into the '/787-8/EFB-DB' folder which allows you to view them on the CDU (searchable using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU).

===Quick Guide to install and view airport Diagrams===

> Download diagrams from any source, convert them to *.jpg format and rename them '<icao>.jpg'. Then, place them in the EFB-DB folder. Then, use the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU to enter the airport ICAO and it displays the diagram on the EFB.

===Quick Guide to install and view SIDs, STARs and IAPs===

* Download the chart you need from any source (I use http://www.airnav.com for US charts and http://www.opennav.com for others), and convert the chart to *.jpg format. (if it's pdf, a good idea is to open it in full view and take a screenshot :wink: )
* If the airport and chart type folder doesn't yet exist inside the EFB-DB/Charts folder, create them like (for example I want to install the 25L-ILS IAP chart for KLAX) /EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/
* Now, rename your *.jpg file to the chart name (eg. 25L-ILS.jpg) and place it inside the '/EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/' folder.
* Now, open the /EFB-DB/ChartsList.xml file and add in your chart data (use the older charts' data for the format)
* Start up the 787, go to the 'Airport Charts' page on the EFB, go to the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU and
** Enter the Airport ICAO and press on the button next to 'Airport ICAO (Enter)' label (or the space under it on the touch-screen CDU)
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart Type (Select)' label to cycle through SID, STAR and IAP
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart ID (select)' label to cycle through available charts.
** Now, hit the 'DISPLAY >' button on the CDU and look at the EFB to see your chart.

Note that for some charts, the orientation may be land-scape and not portrait. But to overcome that, I've put a 'ROTATE' option on the EFB which rotates the chart when you click it.

''The Above has been taken from the forum topic.''

===''Third-Party'' EFB Software===

The Electronic Flight Bag is also meant to provide and interface third-party and/or operating airline softwares. These are not present in the Flight Management Computer by default but we're working on a couple of ''softwares'' for the EFB. This is not ''unrealistic'' because this is one of the main purposes of the Electronic Flight Bag. Here're the ''softwares'' we're working on for the EFB.

====FGFSCopilot Logger====

The [[FGFSCopilot]] is a java program that can do almost everything required from taking off till landing the plane at your destination. The Boeing 787-8 has an FGFSCopilot Log page in the EFB which shows it's connection status and every log message the FGFSCopilot sends to FlightGear.

====VNAV Automatic Altitudes Generator====

The VNAV AutoGen is a third party software on the EFB that automatically calculates ideal vnav altitudes for the active route. To use it, simply create/load a flightplan, copy it to the active route, go to the VNAV Altitudes Gen page on the EFB and click on ''AUTOGEN >''. That would generate altitudes for you which're displayed on the EFB. You can scroll through the waypoints using ''SCROLL UP >'' and ''SCROLL DOWN >''. Finally, if you're happy with the automatically generated altitudes, click on ''COPY TO RTE >'' to move them to the active route.

==Fly-By-Wire System==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is FlightGear's first Airliner to feature a complete Fly-by-wire system. The idea behind this fly-by-wire is to get it the pilot's controls (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-cmd-norm : where x can be aileron, rudder or elevator) and work with it and give out another output property (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-fbw-output) which is read by the FDM and control surface animators. The throttles don't have a chain such as the other surfaces so that the pilot can easily override the fly-by-wire (one of Boeing's "philosophies"). At this stage, the fly-by-wire can protect the aircraft from extreme bank angles (flight envelope protection- roll) where the bank angle limit can be set by the pilot in the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page, protect the aircraft from extreme alpha angles (flight envelope protection- alpha), calculate the throttle required and set it accordingly to maintain profile on turns, reduce throttle to stay under limits and finally auto-stabilize the plane and maintain the current profile when the yoke is brought back to the center. The Fly-by-wire also dampens the control to prevent any sudden motion. Fly-by-wire can be toggled from the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page.

NOTE : To be able to activate alpha-protection, roll-protection and auto-stabilizer, you need to be atleast higher than 3500 feet. This is so that the fly-by-wire doesn't interrupt your approach.

We've also created a tutorial which shows how you can implement the fly-by-wire we wrote for your aircraft : [[Howto: Implement a Fly-By-Wire System for Airliners]]

==Automatic Vertical Navigation==

I've seen a lot of wiki pages on aircraft autopilot and always noticed that next to 'VNAV -' the author writes either he doesn't know what it is, or it doesn't do anything or he hasn't tested it yet. Well, for a change, here I'm telling you what the VNAV does.

We have designed the autopilot route manager in the CDU to be able to accept VNAV altitudes for each (or whichever you want) waypoint. On the Dialog Route Manager, enter your waypoint in the format 'WP@ALT' for example, 'KSFO@9000'. So let's say you have different altitudes according to your SID/STAR/IAP till cruise altitude and then different altitudes for your waypoints when you land. Let's assume your flight plan to be:
DEP, WP1@3500, WP2@10000, WP3@18000, WP4@26000, WP5, WP6, WP7, WP8, WP9, WP10, WP11@20000, WP12@12000, WP13@8500, WP14@4000, DEST

You doesn't have to enter altitudes for WP5 to WP10 because you'll start cruising at WP5 (say you want to cruise FL360 aka. 36000 ft) and stay at 36000 ft till WP10. That means WP11 will be your 'End Cruise' Waypoint, where you aim at when you're out of the cruise.

To set cruise settings, go to the CDU's 'VNAV' page and enter cruise altitude in the respective area. Then enter your cruise start altitude (in this case, WP5) and cruise end altitude (in this case, WP11) in their respective places (there're labels).

Once you're ready, finish other checklists, take off and turn on 'LNAV' and 'VNAV' on the Autopilot. The VNAV is designed to automatically calculate the required/ideal climb/descent rate to get to your waypoint just in time. Out of all the tests we've conducted, the VNAV is VERY accurate at the moment.

==Flight-plan Management System==

[[File:787-8-fpm.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flightplan Manager]]

In the Feb 25th, 2012 git commit, a new flight-plan management system has been written for the Flight Management Computer(s). The new system, like the real one lets you put in 2 flight-plans (with altitudes), and an alternate airport. You can do everything that you can to the route manager on these 2 flightplans. Boeing likes to call them '''Primary Flightplan''' and '''Secondary Flightplan'''. Once you enter your primary and/or secondary flight-plan, the respective flight-plan's status will show ''READY'' on the flight-plan management page. Then, a new option, ''COPY TO RTE'' will appear under the respective flight-plan and on clicking that, that plan will be moved to the active route. To make any changes to the route, you can either make them to the flight-plan and copy them to the route again or simply work with the active route by clicking on the '''ACTIVE ROUTE''' option in the Flight-plan Management page. An alternate airport is recommended to be entered in the CDU so that in case there's a problem during flight, the plane can be automatically be diverted (by the FMC) without you having to do anything other than pressing the ''DIVERT'' option on the Flight-plan management page. Note that using the ''DIVERT'' button to divert to your alternate airport clears your active route and sets the aircraft on a direct flight to the Alternate Airport.

==Automatic Holding Pattern==

[[File:Boeing-787-8-auto-hold.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Automatic Holding as seen in the FlightGear Tracker]]

The Boeing 787-8 now features an automatic holding pattern system where you enter the hold fix/navaid, hold radial and hold leg time and the aircraft automatically flies in a holding pattern there. (as described in real Instrument Flight Rules Rating Course (IFR) textbooks) This feature is still being developed at the moment and is not perfected, but it still does the basic thing for you.

We have tested this feature from KIAH (George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston) holding at the VOR, LOA (LEONA VORTAC, about 70 miles north-west of KIAH) at a hold radial of 0, and hold leg time 120 seconds. We've been able to hold and re-trace the hold path every lap, but we get a strange shape due to the pid-controller. We're still working on it.

==Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System==

[[File:787-8-TCAS.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner TCAS]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (as of February 21st, 2012 on GIT) features a brand new TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has a capability of showing 30 Multiplayer aircraft and 20 AI Aircraft on it! Now, you won't have to complain about not seeing all aircraft on VATSIM ;) We're still working on increasing it's capability to 50 each multi-player and AI.

The TCAS has 3 different symbols for each aircraft and 4 different color codes. Each aircrafts' callsign, altitude and true airspeed will also be written next to the sprite.

*The '''Diamond Shaped''' Aircraft sprite shows that the aircraft is ''flying level''.
*The '''Box with Up Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''climbing''.
*The '''Box with Down Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''descending''.

*A '''Cyan or Blue''' Colored Sprite shows that the aircraft is at a safe distance.
*A '''Yellow''' Colored sprite shows that you need to be aware of traffic nearby.
*A '''Orange''' Colored sprite shows that you need to either change altitude or course, consult ATC. It is an advisory.
*A '''Red''' Colored sprite shows that you are in danger and immediately need to follow the TCAS instructions.

The TCAS is configured to sound voice alerts according to the situation. The TCAS voice alerts needs to be followed over the ATC's instruction if they contradict. The TCAS will alert you if you are in danger of collision with MP or AI Aircraft.

''NOTE: The TCAS voice alerts have been confirmed working on FlightGear git (2.7, as of February 19th, 2012) but don't seem to work in FlightGear 2.4.''

==Terrain Map and Weather Radar==

[[File:787-8-terrain-map.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Terrain Map]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (git version as of February 21st, 2012) features a terrain radar which creates a terrain map on the MFD when the Navigational Display is set to TERR mode (you can change the mode from the buttons on both sides of the Mode Control Panel). Click on WXR to view the WXRadar (Collins WXR-2100), TERR to view the Terrain Map and CLR to clear the ND. The weather radar is still under development and a working version is not available, but the terrain map uses a 'get little and interpolate' method to create smooth terrain mapping.

==World Map and Flight Path Plotter==

[[File:787-8-wmap.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Satellite Imaging]]

Another option to put on the ND is the world map. It's not exactly a terrain map, but rather like satellite imaging. The plane is shown (it's zoomed in) on the map and the plane's path is marked with fading red dots. You can get your ND to show the satellite maps by pressing the WMAP button on the ND mode panel. Note that you can have any 1 of WXR, TERR or WMAP on and to remove them, press the 'CLR' button.

==Airline Flight Management Computer==

[[File:787-8-fmc.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flight Management Computer - FLIGHT INFO]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is an Airliner and we can't leave out some of the key features airline manufacturers put in their aircraft. There're 2 major sections in the Flight Management Computer (it's a part of the CDU) - the ROUTE and DEP/ARR. Both pages are accessed from the CDU(s). The Route is directly connected to the Route Manager and doesn't do anything 'special', but the DEP/ARR page lets you work with preset routes, SIDs, STARs, IAPs etc. You can enter the flight number (this is meant for virtual airlines: By default, Merlion's Boeing 787-8 Routes are included in the Database but I'll make a tutorial on how other airlines can put in their data) and be able to search for the flight information. If the airline has specified a Route and/or VNAV Altitudes and Configuration, you can load up those preset routes and altitudes by pressing the 'SET ROUTE >' menu. If a preset route doesn't exist, the FMS will generate a route automatically. A pilot does not have to worry about preset/generated routes. Another feature in the FMC is Scott Hamilton's LevelD-767 NAVDATA Parser, which gets SID/STAR/IAP Data and automatically puts them in the right place in the route manager for you to be able to fly them. This data can be managed from the PROCEDURES option in the DEP/ARR page.

''A much more detailed tutorial of how to use preset routes and automatically set terminal procedures is available in the wiki sub-page: [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]''

''We'll also be creating a video tutorial (Dreamliner Tutorial #6) on the Flight Management Computer.''

===FMS Navigational and Terminal Procedures Data===

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner and the Airbus A380 (being developed by Scott Hamilton) uses Scott's Level-D 767 NAVDATA Parser to get Navigational Data and Terminal Procedures into the aircraft's Flight Management Computer (Flight Management System on the A380). The FMS Data must be downloaded separately.

By default, the 787-8 contains navigational data for the following airport - WSSS, YBBN, KLAX, KJFK, EGKK for testing purposes and as the Flight Management Computer Tutorial is a flight from KLAX to KJFK.

== Work on the C++ front ==
The capabilities provided by this aircraft touch many parts of FlightGear, that will benefit from modifications to the C++ code, this is an attempt at documenting useful C++ work. Most of this should probably be posted to the issue tracker, too.

===Camera/Video Surveillance Instrument===

The Aircraft doesn't 'yet' have a camera/video surveillance instrument but the team is working on it. We are creating a Wiki [[Howto: Use a Camera View in an Instrument]] while working on it so our progress can help other aircraft developers. The basic idea is the render the camera view to texture and get flightgear to display it on the instrument. As this instrument includes work in C++, it will NOT be available in FlightGear 2.4.0 or 2.6.0, and not even git at the moment.

=== Creating a 2D drawing API ===
Also see [[Howto: Create a 2D drawing API for FlightGear]].

=== Increasing the range of geodinfo() ===

Fix geodinfo() so that it may provide access to tiles not yet loaded, i.e. tiles that are not "visible" (which is the limiting factor currently). This will also be useful for the local weather system and probably a number of related scripts.

{{cquote|The tile manager is capable of satisfying multiple requests. Anyone can give it a position, range and a timeout. It will then try to load all tiles in the range specified. And it will stop loading them after the timeout - unless you have updated the request with a new timeout. So you could tell it every 5 seconds that you're interested in a certain area around the aircraft, and use a timeout of 5,01 seconds. A matter of memory and loading speed though.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg33348.html |title=Future Weather System |last=Brehm |first=Thorsten |work=FlightGear-devel mailinglist |date 1 August 2011}}</ref>|Thorsten Brehm}}

=Glass Cockpit=

[[File:Omega95-cockpit.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Glass Cockpit]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner has a very complete and realistic modern glass cockpit based of the real Boeing 787-8 cockpit. Almost all of the instruments (excl. Weather radar which is currently coming up, and the voice comm.) are functional and work like the real thing. Multiple views have been created (like the OHP, CDU, EFB, Full Cockpit Views) so that pilots can easily work on different parts without looking away and adjusting view position.

That's all I can say about the cockpit now... You better test it out to judge it.

=Systems Overview=

==Electrical System==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner uses a modified version of Syd Adam's Jet Electrical System. Backup Generators have been added, a Ram Air Turbine Generator has been implemented and the APU loop has been modified. There are 5 major power sources available are:
* Engine Generators (L1 and R1 are main generators and L2 and R2 are backup)
* Battery
* Primary and Secondary External Power
* APU Generators (Auxiliary Power Unit must be started and running for the APU Generators to provide power)
* Ram Air Turbine (used in case of dual engine failures to provide just enough power for Central Hydraulic Systems (C1 and C2) and Instruments.

To Understand the Electrical System better, take a look at the 'ELEC' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Hydraulic System==

The Hydraulic System on-board is very advanced and does the job it's supposed to do.
There are 3 basic Hydraulic Systems - Left Engine Hydraulics, Right Engine Hydraulics and Central Electrical Hydraulics. Both Left and Right Engine Hydraulic Systems are pressurized by Engine pumps which require the engines to be running. These pumps pressurize the L and R systems that are connected to the flaps, spoilers, brakes and landing gears. Therefore, you need atleast 1 of the 2 Engine pumps to be running to be able to use these. But, the landing gear has an 'alternate gravity drop system' which you can use to get your gear down in case of a hydraulic failure.
The Central System has 2 electric pumps that control pressure to the hydraulic system that controls the ailerons, rudder and elevators. Only 1 of the 2 pumps have to be turned on at a time, and the other can be used as backup in case of a failure. The hydraulic pumps can overheat and fault if not adequately cooled, refer to the 'Pneumatics and Air Conditioning System' for more information on this.

To Understand the Hydraulic System better, take a look at the 'HYD' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Pneumatic System==

The Boeing 787-8's pneumatic and Air-conditioning system controls bleed and flow of air through packs (and trim) which are then used to cool the equipment on board. The pneumatic system is pretty simple, you have 2 packs, 2 trim air controls, a gasper, and engines and APU bleed. The 787's systems automatically control bleed according to what is required and available, but you'll have to control the trim and packs. Equipment Cooling is an option on the Pneumatics panel which passes cool air into the hydraulic and fuel pumps to prevent them from overheating. When a pump overheats, you get a warning and if you do not either turn it off or switch on equipment cooling, the pump can fault. The 'PNEU' page on the MFDs show you more information on equipment temperatures and Pneumatic settings.

==Fuel Control System==

The Fuel Control System let's you control the 7 fuel pumps on board the 787-8 Dreamliner (2 Left Tank Pumps, 2 Central Tank Pumps, 2 Right Tank Pumps and a Crossfeed pump). The left tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the left engine, while the right tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the right engine. In case of a fuel imbalance, you can turn on the crossfeed pumps to transfer fuel from the tank with excess fuel to the one with low fuel.

===Fuel Jettison===

The Aircraft has a complete fuel jettison system where you can select which wing nozzle to jettison from, arm jettison and use a knob to define the dump rate. If the Left Nozzle is activated and Fuel Jettison is armed, you dump fuel from the left and central tanks, and the same for the right nozzle. Note that the 787 will NOT let you dump fuel if you have less than a critical value.

==Heating System==

[[File:Omega95-window-heating.jpeg|300px|thumb|Ice starts building up on the windows if temperature is sub-zero and window heating is turned off.]]

The Heating System on board controls 4 different heating equipment. First of all, let's get into "natural icing".

===Natural Icing at certain Conditions===

If your TAT (Total Air Temperature) value is under 10, your wings, engines and wind shield can start picking up ice. Window Ice simply forms on the window and obstructs your view out of the cockpit. Whereas, wing ice actually affects your lift and drag in the FDM! As for engine ice, if you have extremely high amounts of ice, the engines can fault and you might have to cool and then restart them.

Note that Engine surges are NOT due to ice build up. If you get an engine surge while flying, you might either be flying over Vne, or in extreme weather conditions with N1 above safe limit in those conditions.

===The Aircraft's way of Taking care of Ice===

The '''Window Heating''' switches on the overhead panel enables a heater to start melting the ice on the windshield letting you see outside clearly.

The '''Anti-Ice''' knobs (2 engine knobs and a wing anti-ice knob) let you control the heating equipment on the respective areas.

The 'HEAT' page on the MFD should have more information on the Heating Systems.

==Gear System==

The Boeing 787-8 dreamliner has 3 retractable gear units, the nose gear has 2 tires, and the main landing gears have 4 each in a square layout. The gear system manages gear compression and failures (stuck, tires burst and break off) on the basis of airspeed, wow and compression.

The gears system can be monitored from the 'GEAR' page on the MFD(s).

==Ground Service Controls==

[[File:787-ground.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Service Controls]]

[[File:787-ground_1.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Right)]]

[[File:787-ground_2.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Left)]]

===Fuel Truck===

The fuel truck (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Fuel Truck Controls) can be enabled/disabled and connected/disconnected from the aircraft's fuel value under the wing. You can enter an amount of fuel in the request fuel quantity input and ask the truck to re-fuel the aircraft to that quantity. You can also ask it to drain the fuel tanks.

===De-icing Truck===

The de-icing truck along with the other ground services can be controls from the ''Ground Services Controls'' menu (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Ground Services Controls). The de-icing truck can be enabled/disabled and you can also de-icing the aircraft. The de-icing process includes the truck animations and actually de-icing the aircraft!

===External Power Box===

The External Power box is a stand-alone generator that provides external power to the aircraft. When enabled, it is connected to the external power socked under the aircraft's left wing. Note that this needs to be enabled so that you get external power. When you start FlightGear, the external power will be enabled by default.

===Landing Gear Chocks===

Landing gear chocks are triangular prism shaped blocks that are placed in front of and behind the landing gears to prevent the aircraft from moving. These chocks will also prevent the aircraft from moving in FlightGear and are enabled by default on start up. Note that to get the aircraft moving, you need to remove the parking brakes and chocks.

===Catering Truck===

The catering truck can be enabled/disabled and toggled. The ''Toggle Catering'' option is to lift/lower the catering box and connect to the the R1 Door. It doesn't do anything else.

===Baggage Ramp and Trailers===

These're just models and don't do anything at the moment.

==System Failure Simulation==

[[File:787-failures.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Failure Simulator]]

The aircraft has a built-in failure simulation dialog where you can get different systems to fail in different ways. The failure simulation dialog can do the following:
* Flame-out any of the engines
* Fail any of the engines
* Set any of the engines on fire
* Burst any of the Wheel Tyres
* Have a gear unit ''break-off''
* Stuck a gear unit in it's current position
* Fail individual hydraulic systems
* Overheat any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps
* Fault any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps

Other general failures like Electrical, Static etc. have not been implemented in this dialog as they can already be controlled with FlightGear's Generic System Failures dialog.

''NOTE: When you flame-out an engine, it can be restarted, but not in the case of a failure. Faults just means that the pump is too hot to function, but it can be restarted when cooled.''

'''IMPORTANT!'''
*In case of an engine surge, (this cannot be toggled by user as it requires certain weather conditions and N1 to occur) immediately reduce throttle and get the N1 under 65%. If you're flying too fast, try to slow down and avoidance extreme weather (heavy rain and snow) would be a nice idea if you want to prevent surges.
*In case of an engine fire, pull the respective engine's fire extinguisher lever (it's right behind the throttle quadrant) and cutoff fuel to that engine. If the fire persists and you don't extinguish it, the engine may face an explosion and severe damage will be inflicted, leaving that engine unusable (basically, you can't restart it)

=Virtual Copilot=

Johan G posted in the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Forum Topic:
''I really see why there could be a real need to have a copilot along when "flying in" the aircraft during pilot conversion.''

Basically, the systems are very complex that it might be difficult for just 1 person to control the plane and manage the systems. As an immediate solution, the virtual copilot can announce ref. speeds, control flap lever, control gear lever, control heating and pneumatics, set altimeter setting and engage thrust reverser's and spoilers on touchdown. You can select exactly what you want ''him'' to do in the Virtual Copilot Settings Dialog.

On the other hand, we're working on a new advanced dual control system which allows the copilot to completely control the aircraft and see all instruments over multiplayer.

=Downloading the 787-8=

See the <code>Aircraft/787-8/</code> directory in [[FGAddon]]. 

=Aircraft of the month!=

{{#ev:youtube|WlzEoCsJvz4|480|center}}

Thanks to Oscar [http://www.youtube.com/user/osjcag] for the amazing ''Aircraft of the Month Review Video'' for the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner.

=Boeing 787-8 Wiki Sub-Pages=

* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Operating Manual and Checklists]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Video Tutorials]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Control Display Unit Reference Manual]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]

=Aircraft Status and ToDo List=

==Flight Dynamics Model: 4==

* The Boeing 787-8 has a JSBSim FDM matching a lot of results from http://www.lissys.demon.co.uk/samp1/desmis.html
* We don't have more detailed test results. so we can't test everything yet. Once we get that, we need to tune the FDM further.

==Aircraft Systems: 5==

* The Aircraft has very advanced systems imitating realistic systems from the real 787.
* Random/Checkable Failures purposely haven't been implemented as random is never realistic. But Engine failures, ice etc. occur in the appropriate conditions.
* The 787-8 has very advanced instruments, flight management computer, hydraulic, electric, pneumatic, heating, fuel etc. systems.

==Cockpit and Instruments: 4==

* The cockpit is very detailed and most buttons are there and functional.
* The instrument displays are very advanced and functional, the ND could be replaced by a hard coded version though.
* A Camera View instrument is supposed to be there but isn't, but we're working on a hard coded camera view instrument.
* The aircraft uses textures extracted from pictures and ambient occlusions created with blender.
* The complete cockpit has been light-mapped and looks very good at night too.

==Model: 4==

* The model is still from the old 787-8, there's the basic model without a cabin, rods aren't yet complete either.
* The landing gears have been re-done and look a lot better now, but the model has a much better scope of improvement.
* The Model Rating has been taken right out of the old Boeing 787-8

=Related content=
There are plenty of tutorials and code snippets that were specifically created for this project, this is a list of all things related:

{{Appendix|all|
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/aerospace/msc/avadi/units/projects/ub2009f/group7/7878summarysheet.pdf |title=787-8 Summary Sheet |date=21 January 2009 |publisher=Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090121-023.pdf |title=The Boeing 787 Aircraft |work=Air Force HSI |publisher=Wright-Patterson Air Force Base }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_07/AERO_Q407.pdf |title=AERO Quarterly |date=2007 |publisher=Boeing}}
----
{{references}}

'''Weather radar (wxradar)'''
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcockpit.com/data/pdfs/flightops/aircraft/Collins_WXR-2100_Operator%27s_Guide.pdf |title=Collins WXR-2100 MultiScan™ Radar Fully Automatic Weather Radar |date=2003 |publisher=Rockwell Collins }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.ll.mit.edu/publications/journal/pdf/vol12_no2/12_2weatherradar.pdf |title=Weather Radar Development and Application Programs |last=Evans |first=James E. |coauthors=Weber, Mark E. |date=2000 |work=Lincoln Laboratory Journal}}
}}

[[File:787-8-cockpit-panorama.jpeg|800px|Panoramic View of the 787-8 Dreamliner Cockpit]]
{{boeing}}
[[Category:Red Griffin ATC compatible aircraft]]
[[en:Boeing_787-8_Dreamliner]]

Zh/Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner

2024-10-03T10:57:16Z

Gzhang: Add Chinese translation. (Initial changes, to be continued)

{{BeingTranslated}}[[User:Gzhang|Gzhang]] ([[User talk:Gzhang|talk]]) 10:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

'''波音787-8 “梦想客机” '''项目的目标在于改进[[Boeing 787|旧版波音787]]上的系统与[[cockpit|驾驶舱]]。这个项目最初由Omega95和Redneck承担工作，对于原来的模型作了重大改进与重新开发，只有机模主体与涂装未经改动。有一个有意思的改变与关键特点是新的机模实现了基于[[JSBSim]]的新的[[Flight Dynamics Model|空气动力学模型]]。它在创建时使用了来自[https://www.lissys.uk/samp1/desmis.html the Piano tool]的大量数据。另外一些有趣的特点包括了一个很酷的“玻璃驾驶舱(即电化驾驶舱）” ，它有着十分详细的波音787的仪表，以及液压、气动、供暖、燃料系统和电传飞控等高级系统。

这个项目的开发最早可以追溯到在论坛上787-8的CDU开发，从这以后，它就变为了一项社区项目。它的成功来源于很多开发者和论坛用户的贡献。另一个关键特点是每当新发现、新方法出现，它们就会在论坛上持续下去，并且很快会有百科的How-to教程被写出，从而帮到其他开发者。

=Innovations=

==New Control Display Unit==
[[File:Omega95-cdu-boeing-787-8.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Control Display Unit]]

A new [[Control Display Unit]] (CDU) specifically built for the Boeing 787-8 replaces the generic Boeing CDU and lets you control many of the configurations and settings on the aircraft like VNAV Cruise Settings, the flight plan (with VNAV altitudes,jump to, activate and remove features), Fly-By-Wire Configuration, Departure/Arrival Settings, Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) input etc.

The forum topic for the Boeing 787-8 CDU development can be found in [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=15082 this forum topic].

'''Functions Accessible through the Control Display Unit:'''
*Electronic Flight Bag Input
*Fly-by-wire Configuration
*Vertical Navigation Configuration
*Flight(plan) Management Computer
*Automatic Hold Configuration
*Set Terminal Procedures
*Flight Logging System
*Take-off and Approach Reference Speeds (keeps calculation according to weight)

==Vertical Situation Display==

[[File:Omega95-vsd-instrument.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Vertical Situation Display]]

A Vertical Situation Display [http://hoeprr.home.xs4all.nl/DreamHC/Download/B737_VSD_Briefing.pdf] is an instrument, part of the Navigational Display (on the MFDs) that show the aircraft's Vertical Navigation Altitudes, Vertical Profile and projects the terrain in front of you. In the Boeing 787-8, it shows approaching terrain for up to 50 miles and also color codes the terrain regions on the basis of danger (red - increase altitude immediately; orange/yellow - advisory; white - safe). The view the Vertical Situation Display, go to the NAV page on any of the MFDs. Note that the VSD is not available on the full-screen ND (NAV page on 2 adjacent MFDs). The VSD is uses a series of Nasal and XML files (which some core developers make like to call 'Hacks') to get functionality of hard coded instruments.

The forum topic for the Vertical Situation Display Development can be found here. [http://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=15200]
Hooray is also working on a Wiki HowTo on implementing the VSD in nasal. [[Howto: Implement a Vertical Situation Display in Nasal]]

==New Navigation Display==

The Boeing 787-8 features a new Navigation Display (ND) which features the ability to plot the waypoints and connect them, like in the real ND. [[User:zakalawe]] has been working on a hard coded version of such a display but as we didn't get it at the time, we designed this instrument completely with nasal and XML interactions. Another feature on the Boeing 787-8 is the ability to show a larger Navigation display when both pages are set to NAV on the co-pilot's side MFDs. The larger full screen MFD shows more waypoints and the range can be adjusted between 1 nautical mile and 250 nautical miles. It also shows the airport diagram of the nearest airport positioned and rotated in the right configuration and can be seen better when the range is less than 10 nautical miles.

Another feature of the Boeing 787-8's Navigation Display is a very functional TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has also been designed completely in Nasal and XML and does not require wxradar to work.

==Electronic Flight Bag==
Please also see [[Canvas EFB Framework]]

[[File:Omega95-efb-787.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Electronic Flight Bag]]

The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) as the name says is like an electronic database of handy documents and charts. The Electronic Flight Bag on board the Boeing 787-8 can calculate the required amount of fuel for your flight, show any airport's (you can search using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU) information, like elevation, metar and runway information like heading, length, ILS frequency), connect to Virtual Star Alliance's Automatic PIREP System for more functionality, connect to Redneck's FGFSCopilot for logging, show the GPS settings (your position on the world map, course and true headings to your next way-point and distance to your next waypoint. It also has realistic checklists for every phase of the flight, and an operating manual explaining basic maneuvers. You can also "INSTALL" airport diagrams and charts into the '/787-8/EFB-DB' folder which allows you to view them on the CDU (searchable using the EFB INPUT page on the CDU).

===Quick Guide to install and view airport Diagrams===

> Download diagrams from any source, convert them to *.jpg format and rename them '<icao>.jpg'. Then, place them in the EFB-DB folder. Then, use the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU to enter the airport ICAO and it displays the diagram on the EFB.

===Quick Guide to install and view SIDs, STARs and IAPs===

* Download the chart you need from any source (I use http://www.airnav.com for US charts and http://www.opennav.com for others), and convert the chart to *.jpg format. (if it's pdf, a good idea is to open it in full view and take a screenshot :wink: )
* If the airport and chart type folder doesn't yet exist inside the EFB-DB/Charts folder, create them like (for example I want to install the 25L-ILS IAP chart for KLAX) /EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/
* Now, rename your *.jpg file to the chart name (eg. 25L-ILS.jpg) and place it inside the '/EFB-DB/Charts/KLAX/IAP/' folder.
* Now, open the /EFB-DB/ChartsList.xml file and add in your chart data (use the older charts' data for the format)
* Start up the 787, go to the 'Airport Charts' page on the EFB, go to the 'EFB INPUT' page on the CDU and
** Enter the Airport ICAO and press on the button next to 'Airport ICAO (Enter)' label (or the space under it on the touch-screen CDU)
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart Type (Select)' label to cycle through SID, STAR and IAP
** Click on the button next to the 'Chart ID (select)' label to cycle through available charts.
** Now, hit the 'DISPLAY >' button on the CDU and look at the EFB to see your chart.

Note that for some charts, the orientation may be land-scape and not portrait. But to overcome that, I've put a 'ROTATE' option on the EFB which rotates the chart when you click it.

''The Above has been taken from the forum topic.''

===''Third-Party'' EFB Software===

The Electronic Flight Bag is also meant to provide and interface third-party and/or operating airline softwares. These are not present in the Flight Management Computer by default but we're working on a couple of ''softwares'' for the EFB. This is not ''unrealistic'' because this is one of the main purposes of the Electronic Flight Bag. Here're the ''softwares'' we're working on for the EFB.

====FGFSCopilot Logger====

The [[FGFSCopilot]] is a java program that can do almost everything required from taking off till landing the plane at your destination. The Boeing 787-8 has an FGFSCopilot Log page in the EFB which shows it's connection status and every log message the FGFSCopilot sends to FlightGear.

====VNAV Automatic Altitudes Generator====

The VNAV AutoGen is a third party software on the EFB that automatically calculates ideal vnav altitudes for the active route. To use it, simply create/load a flightplan, copy it to the active route, go to the VNAV Altitudes Gen page on the EFB and click on ''AUTOGEN >''. That would generate altitudes for you which're displayed on the EFB. You can scroll through the waypoints using ''SCROLL UP >'' and ''SCROLL DOWN >''. Finally, if you're happy with the automatically generated altitudes, click on ''COPY TO RTE >'' to move them to the active route.

==Fly-By-Wire System==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is FlightGear's first Airliner to feature a complete Fly-by-wire system. The idea behind this fly-by-wire is to get it the pilot's controls (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-cmd-norm : where x can be aileron, rudder or elevator) and work with it and give out another output property (/fdm/jsbsim/fcs/x-fbw-output) which is read by the FDM and control surface animators. The throttles don't have a chain such as the other surfaces so that the pilot can easily override the fly-by-wire (one of Boeing's "philosophies"). At this stage, the fly-by-wire can protect the aircraft from extreme bank angles (flight envelope protection- roll) where the bank angle limit can be set by the pilot in the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page, protect the aircraft from extreme alpha angles (flight envelope protection- alpha), calculate the throttle required and set it accordingly to maintain profile on turns, reduce throttle to stay under limits and finally auto-stabilize the plane and maintain the current profile when the yoke is brought back to the center. The Fly-by-wire also dampens the control to prevent any sudden motion. Fly-by-wire can be toggled from the CDU's 'FBW CONFIG' page.

NOTE : To be able to activate alpha-protection, roll-protection and auto-stabilizer, you need to be atleast higher than 3500 feet. This is so that the fly-by-wire doesn't interrupt your approach.

We've also created a tutorial which shows how you can implement the fly-by-wire we wrote for your aircraft : [[Howto: Implement a Fly-By-Wire System for Airliners]]

==Automatic Vertical Navigation==

I've seen a lot of wiki pages on aircraft autopilot and always noticed that next to 'VNAV -' the author writes either he doesn't know what it is, or it doesn't do anything or he hasn't tested it yet. Well, for a change, here I'm telling you what the VNAV does.

We have designed the autopilot route manager in the CDU to be able to accept VNAV altitudes for each (or whichever you want) waypoint. On the Dialog Route Manager, enter your waypoint in the format 'WP@ALT' for example, 'KSFO@9000'. So let's say you have different altitudes according to your SID/STAR/IAP till cruise altitude and then different altitudes for your waypoints when you land. Let's assume your flight plan to be:
DEP, WP1@3500, WP2@10000, WP3@18000, WP4@26000, WP5, WP6, WP7, WP8, WP9, WP10, WP11@20000, WP12@12000, WP13@8500, WP14@4000, DEST

You doesn't have to enter altitudes for WP5 to WP10 because you'll start cruising at WP5 (say you want to cruise FL360 aka. 36000 ft) and stay at 36000 ft till WP10. That means WP11 will be your 'End Cruise' Waypoint, where you aim at when you're out of the cruise.

To set cruise settings, go to the CDU's 'VNAV' page and enter cruise altitude in the respective area. Then enter your cruise start altitude (in this case, WP5) and cruise end altitude (in this case, WP11) in their respective places (there're labels).

Once you're ready, finish other checklists, take off and turn on 'LNAV' and 'VNAV' on the Autopilot. The VNAV is designed to automatically calculate the required/ideal climb/descent rate to get to your waypoint just in time. Out of all the tests we've conducted, the VNAV is VERY accurate at the moment.

==Flight-plan Management System==

[[File:787-8-fpm.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flightplan Manager]]

In the Feb 25th, 2012 git commit, a new flight-plan management system has been written for the Flight Management Computer(s). The new system, like the real one lets you put in 2 flight-plans (with altitudes), and an alternate airport. You can do everything that you can to the route manager on these 2 flightplans. Boeing likes to call them '''Primary Flightplan''' and '''Secondary Flightplan'''. Once you enter your primary and/or secondary flight-plan, the respective flight-plan's status will show ''READY'' on the flight-plan management page. Then, a new option, ''COPY TO RTE'' will appear under the respective flight-plan and on clicking that, that plan will be moved to the active route. To make any changes to the route, you can either make them to the flight-plan and copy them to the route again or simply work with the active route by clicking on the '''ACTIVE ROUTE''' option in the Flight-plan Management page. An alternate airport is recommended to be entered in the CDU so that in case there's a problem during flight, the plane can be automatically be diverted (by the FMC) without you having to do anything other than pressing the ''DIVERT'' option on the Flight-plan management page. Note that using the ''DIVERT'' button to divert to your alternate airport clears your active route and sets the aircraft on a direct flight to the Alternate Airport.

==Automatic Holding Pattern==

[[File:Boeing-787-8-auto-hold.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Automatic Holding as seen in the FlightGear Tracker]]

The Boeing 787-8 now features an automatic holding pattern system where you enter the hold fix/navaid, hold radial and hold leg time and the aircraft automatically flies in a holding pattern there. (as described in real Instrument Flight Rules Rating Course (IFR) textbooks) This feature is still being developed at the moment and is not perfected, but it still does the basic thing for you.

We have tested this feature from KIAH (George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston) holding at the VOR, LOA (LEONA VORTAC, about 70 miles north-west of KIAH) at a hold radial of 0, and hold leg time 120 seconds. We've been able to hold and re-trace the hold path every lap, but we get a strange shape due to the pid-controller. We're still working on it.

==Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System==

[[File:787-8-TCAS.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner TCAS]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (as of February 21st, 2012 on GIT) features a brand new TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) which has a capability of showing 30 Multiplayer aircraft and 20 AI Aircraft on it! Now, you won't have to complain about not seeing all aircraft on VATSIM ;) We're still working on increasing it's capability to 50 each multi-player and AI.

The TCAS has 3 different symbols for each aircraft and 4 different color codes. Each aircrafts' callsign, altitude and true airspeed will also be written next to the sprite.

*The '''Diamond Shaped''' Aircraft sprite shows that the aircraft is ''flying level''.
*The '''Box with Up Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''climbing''.
*The '''Box with Down Arrow''' shows that the aircraft is ''descending''.

*A '''Cyan or Blue''' Colored Sprite shows that the aircraft is at a safe distance.
*A '''Yellow''' Colored sprite shows that you need to be aware of traffic nearby.
*A '''Orange''' Colored sprite shows that you need to either change altitude or course, consult ATC. It is an advisory.
*A '''Red''' Colored sprite shows that you are in danger and immediately need to follow the TCAS instructions.

The TCAS is configured to sound voice alerts according to the situation. The TCAS voice alerts needs to be followed over the ATC's instruction if they contradict. The TCAS will alert you if you are in danger of collision with MP or AI Aircraft.

''NOTE: The TCAS voice alerts have been confirmed working on FlightGear git (2.7, as of February 19th, 2012) but don't seem to work in FlightGear 2.4.''

==Terrain Map and Weather Radar==

[[File:787-8-terrain-map.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Terrain Map]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (git version as of February 21st, 2012) features a terrain radar which creates a terrain map on the MFD when the Navigational Display is set to TERR mode (you can change the mode from the buttons on both sides of the Mode Control Panel). Click on WXR to view the WXRadar (Collins WXR-2100), TERR to view the Terrain Map and CLR to clear the ND. The weather radar is still under development and a working version is not available, but the terrain map uses a 'get little and interpolate' method to create smooth terrain mapping.

==World Map and Flight Path Plotter==

[[File:787-8-wmap.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Satellite Imaging]]

Another option to put on the ND is the world map. It's not exactly a terrain map, but rather like satellite imaging. The plane is shown (it's zoomed in) on the map and the plane's path is marked with fading red dots. You can get your ND to show the satellite maps by pressing the WMAP button on the ND mode panel. Note that you can have any 1 of WXR, TERR or WMAP on and to remove them, press the 'CLR' button.

==Airline Flight Management Computer==

[[File:787-8-fmc.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Flight Management Computer - FLIGHT INFO]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner is an Airliner and we can't leave out some of the key features airline manufacturers put in their aircraft. There're 2 major sections in the Flight Management Computer (it's a part of the CDU) - the ROUTE and DEP/ARR. Both pages are accessed from the CDU(s). The Route is directly connected to the Route Manager and doesn't do anything 'special', but the DEP/ARR page lets you work with preset routes, SIDs, STARs, IAPs etc. You can enter the flight number (this is meant for virtual airlines: By default, Merlion's Boeing 787-8 Routes are included in the Database but I'll make a tutorial on how other airlines can put in their data) and be able to search for the flight information. If the airline has specified a Route and/or VNAV Altitudes and Configuration, you can load up those preset routes and altitudes by pressing the 'SET ROUTE >' menu. If a preset route doesn't exist, the FMS will generate a route automatically. A pilot does not have to worry about preset/generated routes. Another feature in the FMC is Scott Hamilton's LevelD-767 NAVDATA Parser, which gets SID/STAR/IAP Data and automatically puts them in the right place in the route manager for you to be able to fly them. This data can be managed from the PROCEDURES option in the DEP/ARR page.

''A much more detailed tutorial of how to use preset routes and automatically set terminal procedures is available in the wiki sub-page: [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]''

''We'll also be creating a video tutorial (Dreamliner Tutorial #6) on the Flight Management Computer.''

===FMS Navigational and Terminal Procedures Data===

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner and the Airbus A380 (being developed by Scott Hamilton) uses Scott's Level-D 767 NAVDATA Parser to get Navigational Data and Terminal Procedures into the aircraft's Flight Management Computer (Flight Management System on the A380). The FMS Data must be downloaded separately.

By default, the 787-8 contains navigational data for the following airport - WSSS, YBBN, KLAX, KJFK, EGKK for testing purposes and as the Flight Management Computer Tutorial is a flight from KLAX to KJFK.

== Work on the C++ front ==
The capabilities provided by this aircraft touch many parts of FlightGear, that will benefit from modifications to the C++ code, this is an attempt at documenting useful C++ work. Most of this should probably be posted to the issue tracker, too.

===Camera/Video Surveillance Instrument===

The Aircraft doesn't 'yet' have a camera/video surveillance instrument but the team is working on it. We are creating a Wiki [[Howto: Use a Camera View in an Instrument]] while working on it so our progress can help other aircraft developers. The basic idea is the render the camera view to texture and get flightgear to display it on the instrument. As this instrument includes work in C++, it will NOT be available in FlightGear 2.4.0 or 2.6.0, and not even git at the moment.

=== Creating a 2D drawing API ===
Also see [[Howto: Create a 2D drawing API for FlightGear]].

=== Increasing the range of geodinfo() ===

Fix geodinfo() so that it may provide access to tiles not yet loaded, i.e. tiles that are not "visible" (which is the limiting factor currently). This will also be useful for the local weather system and probably a number of related scripts.

{{cquote|The tile manager is capable of satisfying multiple requests. Anyone can give it a position, range and a timeout. It will then try to load all tiles in the range specified. And it will stop loading them after the timeout - unless you have updated the request with a new timeout. So you could tell it every 5 seconds that you're interested in a certain area around the aircraft, and use a timeout of 5,01 seconds. A matter of memory and loading speed though.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/msg33348.html |title=Future Weather System |last=Brehm |first=Thorsten |work=FlightGear-devel mailinglist |date 1 August 2011}}</ref>|Thorsten Brehm}}

=Glass Cockpit=

[[File:Omega95-cockpit.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Glass Cockpit]]

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner has a very complete and realistic modern glass cockpit based of the real Boeing 787-8 cockpit. Almost all of the instruments (excl. Weather radar which is currently coming up, and the voice comm.) are functional and work like the real thing. Multiple views have been created (like the OHP, CDU, EFB, Full Cockpit Views) so that pilots can easily work on different parts without looking away and adjusting view position.

That's all I can say about the cockpit now... You better test it out to judge it.

=Systems Overview=

==Electrical System==

The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner uses a modified version of Syd Adam's Jet Electrical System. Backup Generators have been added, a Ram Air Turbine Generator has been implemented and the APU loop has been modified. There are 5 major power sources available are:
* Engine Generators (L1 and R1 are main generators and L2 and R2 are backup)
* Battery
* Primary and Secondary External Power
* APU Generators (Auxiliary Power Unit must be started and running for the APU Generators to provide power)
* Ram Air Turbine (used in case of dual engine failures to provide just enough power for Central Hydraulic Systems (C1 and C2) and Instruments.

To Understand the Electrical System better, take a look at the 'ELEC' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Hydraulic System==

The Hydraulic System on-board is very advanced and does the job it's supposed to do.
There are 3 basic Hydraulic Systems - Left Engine Hydraulics, Right Engine Hydraulics and Central Electrical Hydraulics. Both Left and Right Engine Hydraulic Systems are pressurized by Engine pumps which require the engines to be running. These pumps pressurize the L and R systems that are connected to the flaps, spoilers, brakes and landing gears. Therefore, you need atleast 1 of the 2 Engine pumps to be running to be able to use these. But, the landing gear has an 'alternate gravity drop system' which you can use to get your gear down in case of a hydraulic failure.
The Central System has 2 electric pumps that control pressure to the hydraulic system that controls the ailerons, rudder and elevators. Only 1 of the 2 pumps have to be turned on at a time, and the other can be used as backup in case of a failure. The hydraulic pumps can overheat and fault if not adequately cooled, refer to the 'Pneumatics and Air Conditioning System' for more information on this.

To Understand the Hydraulic System better, take a look at the 'HYD' page on any of the MFDs on board.

==Pneumatic System==

The Boeing 787-8's pneumatic and Air-conditioning system controls bleed and flow of air through packs (and trim) which are then used to cool the equipment on board. The pneumatic system is pretty simple, you have 2 packs, 2 trim air controls, a gasper, and engines and APU bleed. The 787's systems automatically control bleed according to what is required and available, but you'll have to control the trim and packs. Equipment Cooling is an option on the Pneumatics panel which passes cool air into the hydraulic and fuel pumps to prevent them from overheating. When a pump overheats, you get a warning and if you do not either turn it off or switch on equipment cooling, the pump can fault. The 'PNEU' page on the MFDs show you more information on equipment temperatures and Pneumatic settings.

==Fuel Control System==

The Fuel Control System let's you control the 7 fuel pumps on board the 787-8 Dreamliner (2 Left Tank Pumps, 2 Central Tank Pumps, 2 Right Tank Pumps and a Crossfeed pump). The left tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the left engine, while the right tank and central tank pumps pump fuel from these tanks to the right engine. In case of a fuel imbalance, you can turn on the crossfeed pumps to transfer fuel from the tank with excess fuel to the one with low fuel.

===Fuel Jettison===

The Aircraft has a complete fuel jettison system where you can select which wing nozzle to jettison from, arm jettison and use a knob to define the dump rate. If the Left Nozzle is activated and Fuel Jettison is armed, you dump fuel from the left and central tanks, and the same for the right nozzle. Note that the 787 will NOT let you dump fuel if you have less than a critical value.

==Heating System==

[[File:Omega95-window-heating.jpeg|300px|thumb|Ice starts building up on the windows if temperature is sub-zero and window heating is turned off.]]

The Heating System on board controls 4 different heating equipment. First of all, let's get into "natural icing".

===Natural Icing at certain Conditions===

If your TAT (Total Air Temperature) value is under 10, your wings, engines and wind shield can start picking up ice. Window Ice simply forms on the window and obstructs your view out of the cockpit. Whereas, wing ice actually affects your lift and drag in the FDM! As for engine ice, if you have extremely high amounts of ice, the engines can fault and you might have to cool and then restart them.

Note that Engine surges are NOT due to ice build up. If you get an engine surge while flying, you might either be flying over Vne, or in extreme weather conditions with N1 above safe limit in those conditions.

===The Aircraft's way of Taking care of Ice===

The '''Window Heating''' switches on the overhead panel enables a heater to start melting the ice on the windshield letting you see outside clearly.

The '''Anti-Ice''' knobs (2 engine knobs and a wing anti-ice knob) let you control the heating equipment on the respective areas.

The 'HEAT' page on the MFD should have more information on the Heating Systems.

==Gear System==

The Boeing 787-8 dreamliner has 3 retractable gear units, the nose gear has 2 tires, and the main landing gears have 4 each in a square layout. The gear system manages gear compression and failures (stuck, tires burst and break off) on the basis of airspeed, wow and compression.

The gears system can be monitored from the 'GEAR' page on the MFD(s).

==Ground Service Controls==

[[File:787-ground.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Service Controls]]

[[File:787-ground_1.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Right)]]

[[File:787-ground_2.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Ground Services (Left)]]

===Fuel Truck===

The fuel truck (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Fuel Truck Controls) can be enabled/disabled and connected/disconnected from the aircraft's fuel value under the wing. You can enter an amount of fuel in the request fuel quantity input and ask the truck to re-fuel the aircraft to that quantity. You can also ask it to drain the fuel tanks.

===De-icing Truck===

The de-icing truck along with the other ground services can be controls from the ''Ground Services Controls'' menu (MENU: Boeing 787-8 > Ground Services Controls). The de-icing truck can be enabled/disabled and you can also de-icing the aircraft. The de-icing process includes the truck animations and actually de-icing the aircraft!

===External Power Box===

The External Power box is a stand-alone generator that provides external power to the aircraft. When enabled, it is connected to the external power socked under the aircraft's left wing. Note that this needs to be enabled so that you get external power. When you start FlightGear, the external power will be enabled by default.

===Landing Gear Chocks===

Landing gear chocks are triangular prism shaped blocks that are placed in front of and behind the landing gears to prevent the aircraft from moving. These chocks will also prevent the aircraft from moving in FlightGear and are enabled by default on start up. Note that to get the aircraft moving, you need to remove the parking brakes and chocks.

===Catering Truck===

The catering truck can be enabled/disabled and toggled. The ''Toggle Catering'' option is to lift/lower the catering box and connect to the the R1 Door. It doesn't do anything else.

===Baggage Ramp and Trailers===

These're just models and don't do anything at the moment.

==System Failure Simulation==

[[File:787-failures.jpeg|300px|thumb|Boeing 787-8 Failure Simulator]]

The aircraft has a built-in failure simulation dialog where you can get different systems to fail in different ways. The failure simulation dialog can do the following:
* Flame-out any of the engines
* Fail any of the engines
* Set any of the engines on fire
* Burst any of the Wheel Tyres
* Have a gear unit ''break-off''
* Stuck a gear unit in it's current position
* Fail individual hydraulic systems
* Overheat any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps
* Fault any of the hydraulic or fuel pumps

Other general failures like Electrical, Static etc. have not been implemented in this dialog as they can already be controlled with FlightGear's Generic System Failures dialog.

''NOTE: When you flame-out an engine, it can be restarted, but not in the case of a failure. Faults just means that the pump is too hot to function, but it can be restarted when cooled.''

'''IMPORTANT!'''
*In case of an engine surge, (this cannot be toggled by user as it requires certain weather conditions and N1 to occur) immediately reduce throttle and get the N1 under 65%. If you're flying too fast, try to slow down and avoidance extreme weather (heavy rain and snow) would be a nice idea if you want to prevent surges.
*In case of an engine fire, pull the respective engine's fire extinguisher lever (it's right behind the throttle quadrant) and cutoff fuel to that engine. If the fire persists and you don't extinguish it, the engine may face an explosion and severe damage will be inflicted, leaving that engine unusable (basically, you can't restart it)

=Virtual Copilot=

Johan G posted in the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Forum Topic:
''I really see why there could be a real need to have a copilot along when "flying in" the aircraft during pilot conversion.''

Basically, the systems are very complex that it might be difficult for just 1 person to control the plane and manage the systems. As an immediate solution, the virtual copilot can announce ref. speeds, control flap lever, control gear lever, control heating and pneumatics, set altimeter setting and engage thrust reverser's and spoilers on touchdown. You can select exactly what you want ''him'' to do in the Virtual Copilot Settings Dialog.

On the other hand, we're working on a new advanced dual control system which allows the copilot to completely control the aircraft and see all instruments over multiplayer.

=Downloading the 787-8=

See the <code>Aircraft/787-8/</code> directory in [[FGAddon]]. 

=Aircraft of the month!=

{{#ev:youtube|WlzEoCsJvz4|480|center}}

Thanks to Oscar [http://www.youtube.com/user/osjcag] for the amazing ''Aircraft of the Month Review Video'' for the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner.

=Boeing 787-8 Wiki Sub-Pages=

* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Operating Manual and Checklists]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Video Tutorials]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Control Display Unit Reference Manual]]
* [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner: Flightplan and Procedures Tutorial]]

=Aircraft Status and ToDo List=

==Flight Dynamics Model: 4==

* The Boeing 787-8 has a JSBSim FDM matching a lot of results from http://www.lissys.demon.co.uk/samp1/desmis.html
* We don't have more detailed test results. so we can't test everything yet. Once we get that, we need to tune the FDM further.

==Aircraft Systems: 5==

* The Aircraft has very advanced systems imitating realistic systems from the real 787.
* Random/Checkable Failures purposely haven't been implemented as random is never realistic. But Engine failures, ice etc. occur in the appropriate conditions.
* The 787-8 has very advanced instruments, flight management computer, hydraulic, electric, pneumatic, heating, fuel etc. systems.

==Cockpit and Instruments: 4==

* The cockpit is very detailed and most buttons are there and functional.
* The instrument displays are very advanced and functional, the ND could be replaced by a hard coded version though.
* A Camera View instrument is supposed to be there but isn't, but we're working on a hard coded camera view instrument.
* The aircraft uses textures extracted from pictures and ambient occlusions created with blender.
* The complete cockpit has been light-mapped and looks very good at night too.

==Model: 4==

* The model is still from the old 787-8, there's the basic model without a cabin, rods aren't yet complete either.
* The landing gears have been re-done and look a lot better now, but the model has a much better scope of improvement.
* The Model Rating has been taken right out of the old Boeing 787-8

=Related content=
There are plenty of tutorials and code snippets that were specifically created for this project, this is a list of all things related:

{{Appendix|all|
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/aerospace/msc/avadi/units/projects/ub2009f/group7/7878summarysheet.pdf |title=787-8 Summary Sheet |date=21 January 2009 |publisher=Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090121-023.pdf |title=The Boeing 787 Aircraft |work=Air Force HSI |publisher=Wright-Patterson Air Force Base }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_07/AERO_Q407.pdf |title=AERO Quarterly |date=2007 |publisher=Boeing}}
----
{{references}}

'''Weather radar (wxradar)'''
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcockpit.com/data/pdfs/flightops/aircraft/Collins_WXR-2100_Operator%27s_Guide.pdf |title=Collins WXR-2100 MultiScan™ Radar Fully Automatic Weather Radar |date=2003 |publisher=Rockwell Collins }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.ll.mit.edu/publications/journal/pdf/vol12_no2/12_2weatherradar.pdf |title=Weather Radar Development and Application Programs |last=Evans |first=James E. |coauthors=Weber, Mark E. |date=2000 |work=Lincoln Laboratory Journal}}
}}

[[File:787-8-cockpit-panorama.jpeg|800px|Panoramic View of the 787-8 Dreamliner Cockpit]]
{{boeing}}
[[Category:Red Griffin ATC compatible aircraft]]

Zh/Cessna 172P

2024-10-03T09:56:54Z

Gzhang: Fixed strange characters in Chinese translation.

{{:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}||2}}/info}}
塞斯纳172P “天鹰” 是一架四座位、单引擎、固定上单翼飞机。该机型首飞于1955年，至今仍在生产。塞斯纳172是目前为止世界上生产数量最大的飞机。
自2000年开始，塞斯纳172就是Flightgear的默认机型，取代了原有的Navion飞机。这个机模经过了长时间的的开发，具有很多优秀的特性。2015年，开发者对这个机模进行了大更新，加入了引擎选项、选择轮胎大小以及浮筒等功能，并更新了全新的驾驶舱贴图。这个全新的C172版本成为了FlightGear 3.6及后续版本的默认机型。
== 特性 ==

这架全新的C172P拥有非常完善的3D（三维）模型以及非常完整的贴图。您可以操作驾驶舱内所有的开关。这架飞机同时还拥有一个很好的空气动力学模型（FDM）、复杂的飞行程序以及全新的，真实的检查单、全新的声音效果与损坏效果模拟。如果在您飞行时发生失误，飞机将可能被损坏，例如重着陆时起落架可能会折断。[[File:c172p-preview5.jpg|center|700px]]这架机模目前有五个变种，可以在飞机菜单中选择：
* 常规轮胎
* 26" 轮胎
* 31" 轮胎
* 浮筒
* 水陆两用浮筒
* 雪橇

同时，在同一个菜单下，您可选择两种不同功率的引擎：
* 160 HP
* 180 HP (推荐在使用浮筒、水陆两用浮筒以及雪橇时选择)

目前这架飞机在撞击、坠毁、重着陆或大过载的情况下，将发生损坏。损坏效果包含了起落架坍塌、机翼折断等。您在飞机菜单中可以选择关闭损坏功能。同时，在飞机菜单中还可选择修复飞机。

现在本机模的机窗拥有起雾和起霜效果，是否起雾起霜取决于机舱外部与内部的气温。飞行员必须使用机舱加热和机舱气流控制杆（位于襟翼操作杆右侧）来控制舱内气温。这个效果亦可在飞机菜单中被关闭。该效果依赖于FlightGear 3.5及以后版本中的ALS实现，在FlightGear 3.5以前的版本中会出现窗户变灰的现象。

该机模的空气动力模型十分精确。比如说，飞机可能会在进入不对称失速时进入螺旋状态。本机模的气动模型（FDM）也可以模拟在水上起降时的气动效果，以及使用新的180HP引擎时的气动效果。

这架飞机有许多涂装可供选用，包括一些在涂装选择界面标注了“HD”的高清涂装。每一个高清涂装都包括了独特的驾驶舱和客舱贴图。

这架飞机模拟了 [[Bendix/King KAP140 Autopilot]].

与此同时，如果您在FlightGear中启用了ALS (Atmospheric light scattering)渲染功能，便可以在 "Cessna 172P" 菜单中开启手电筒功能，并可在白光、红光中切换。

现在，本飞机支持航前检查。你可以安放、取下轮档、固定绳以及皮托管套，也可以进行燃油管理，检查燃油是否被水污染。这两项功能可以在Aircraft Options中启用。

本机模还模拟了化油器结冰的情况。化油器中积聚的冰会导致动力损失。开启化油器加热有助于融化积冰。如果在使用化油器加热时发动机开始发出异响，这意味着化油器中确实积聚了冰，现在正在融化。可以调节混合比以减少在融化过程中的异响。

从2016.3版本开始，可以在地勤设备对话框（Ground Equipment）中调出静态物体。这些物体包括翼下的锥桶、燃油车、地面电源装置和梯子。地面电源可以用来给电池充电，燃油车可以用来加注燃料。驾驶员可以通过朝着梯子走动爬上梯子，这样就可以轻松抵达油箱盖以进行加油。[[File:c172p-ALS-flashlight2.jpg|500px|center|Cessna 172P's flashlight in the cockpit]]

== 掌控这架飞机 ==

=== 航前准备 ===
[[File:C172p-secured-Aosta.jpg|270px||thumb|Cessna 172P secured at Aosta Airport]]
建议在执行以下程序时使用外部视图或激活步行者（walker）功能。
* 燃油量：通过点击每个机翼上方的燃油箱盖来添加燃料（您也可以在地勤设备对话框中添加梯子，然后用步行者爬上梯子）。
* 左机翼：移除系留
* 左机翼：移除皮托管套
* 左机翼：点击机翼下方检查燃料是否受污染，并取燃料样本。如果样本呈浅蓝色，表示燃料未受污染，可以放回燃油箱。如果样本是透明或部分透明的，必须丢弃它，并取新样本直到完全呈浅蓝色。
* 机尾：移除系留
* 右机翼：移除系留
* 右机翼：检查燃料是否受污染
* 机头：通过点击机头的机油门来检查机油油量。两台引擎的关键油位为5.0夸脱。
* 机头：移除轮档

=== 引擎启动 (复杂的手动启动) ===
* 喷油（Priming）: 至少进行3次喷油操作
* 混合比：富油（将红色推杆完全推入）
* 油门：开启1/8（将黑色推杆推至20%左右的位置）
* 驻车刹车：已开启 ({{Key press|Shift|B}})
* 螺旋桨区域: 净空
* 主开关：打开 (两个引擎)
* 电磁开关：两者均打开 (按下 {{Key press|<nowiki>}</nowiki>}} 三次)
* 点火: 启动 ({{Key press|S}})

=== 引擎启动 (使用AutoStart自动启动) ===
* 点击“Cessna C172P”菜单，选择“Autostart”以启动飞机。请注意，Autostart尝试以完全富油的混合比来启动引擎，因此如果您从非常高海拔的机场起飞，可能需要手动启动飞机。

=== 起飞 ===
[[File:c172p-cockpit.jpg|270px||thumb|Cessna 172P ready for take off]]
* 无襟翼
* 油门推满
* 空速55节时抬头

=== 爬升 ===
* 无襟翼
* 油门推满
* 空速保持75节

=== 巡航 ===
* 油门65%
* 混合器富油
* 空速保持在100节左右

=== 着陆 ===
[[File:c172p-landing2.jpg|270px||thumb|Cessna 172P about to touch down]]
* 满襟翼
* 空速60节

=== 空速 ===
: ''另外参见 [[Aircraft speed#V speeds]]''

该部分的信息基于外部资料提供。<ref>[http://www.triangleaviation.com/1982_172r.html Triangle Aviation]{{dead link|2015-10}}</ref><ref>[http://www.otisair.com/c172info.html OtisAir's Airborne Observations]{{dead link|2015-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/724e90061c5bf3b1862576260063e599/$FILE/3A12.pdf |title=Type Certificate No. 3A12, Revision 79 |date=27 August 2009 |work= |publisher=FAA |format=pdf |accessdate=9 October 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Airspeed !! CAS
|-
| Stall speed, landing configuration, VS0 || 33 kt
|-
| Stall speed, clean, VS1 || 44 kt
|-
| Rotation speed, VR || 55 kt
|-
| Best angle of climb speed, VX || 59 kt
|-
| Best rate of climb speed, VY || 76 kt
|-
| Maximum flap extended speed, VFE || 85 kt
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | Maneuvering speed, VA || 96 kt (floatplane)
|-
| 99 kt (landplane)
|-
| Maximum structural cruising speed, VNO || 127 kt
|-
| Never exceed speed, VNE || 158 kt
|}

== 常见问题 ==

这里列出了一些人们频繁询问的有关本机模的问题：

问：为什么我的飞机窗户是灰色的？

答：如果你的飞机窗户呈灰色，您可能使用的是不正确的FlightGear版本。此飞机要求使用3.5版本或以上。

问：为什么飞机一直向左转？

答：请参考[[understanding Propeller Torque and P-Factor]]。如果在坚实的跑道上使用浮筒构型，注意在滑行时需要使用差速刹车（随着飞机加速，方向舵会变得越来越有效）。

问：为什么引擎无法启动？

答：您可以通过点击“Cessna C172P”菜单，然后选择“Autostart”来自动启动引擎。对于手动启动，请按照“帮助”菜单下的“飞机检查单”中提供的清单进行操作。如上所示，启动前必须进行“预喷油（Prime）”。如果开启了机油模拟功能，您必须确保引擎有足够的机油（超过5.0夸脱）才能正常工作。如果开启了燃料污染模拟，燃料必须呈浅蓝色才能使引擎正常工作。您还必须确保电池电量足够（可以在“飞机选项”对话框中检查并对其充电）。

问：为什么Autostart无法启动引擎？

答：可能是因为您正试图从非常高海拔的机场起飞。Autostart始终尝试以混合比完全富油的方式启动引擎，如果未能正常完成，那么您必须在适当倾斜混合比后手动启动引擎。

 
问：为什么引擎启动后立即熄火？

答：可能是因为启动后油门加得太急，引擎需要几秒钟来稳定下来。

问：为什么无法以引擎启动好的状态进入模拟器？

答：您可以！转到“Cessna C172P”菜单，选择“飞机选项”，然后勾选“以已启动引擎启动（Start with engine running）”。

问：为什么电池经常耗尽？

答：就像在真实飞机中一样，当引擎未运行时，保持电池开关打开不是一个好主意，因为电池会耗尽电量。当引擎运行时，交流发电机会确保电池始终在被充电。如果电池电量用尽，可以在“飞机选项”对话框中充电。

问：为什么飞机不动？

答：如果您打开了驻车制动，或者机翼系留、机尾系留或轮档中有任何一个还在位（如果在飞机菜单中启用了“允许固定飞机”的选项），飞机将不会移动。

问：为什么空速指示器不起作用？

答：如果在飞机菜单中启用了“允许固定飞机”的选项，那么很可能是您忘记了移除皮托管套。

问：如何切换到大轮胎/浮筒/两栖飞机构型？

答：通过点击“Cessna 172P”菜单，选择“飞机选项”，然后选择其他起落架选项来切换。

问：如何切换到180 HP引擎？

答：也是通过点击“Cessna 172P”菜单，选择“飞机选项”，然后选择引擎功率选项来切换。

问：为什么我无法在不损坏飞机的情况下从水面起飞？

答：在水面起降可能会有些难度。尝试在加速到55节KIAS时轻轻向后施加升力。建议使用180 HP引擎而不是默认的160 HP引擎，因为浮筒的额外重量会使使用默认引擎难以爬升。

问：为什么模拟器卡得那么厉害？

答：与旧版本相比，这个新版本的C172p模型对计算机的要求更高，就像其他复杂的3D模型一样。如果性能有问题，尝试使用分辨率较低的非高清涂装，以及其他可以改善性能的解决方案（在渲染选项中禁用某些图形选项，降低FlightGear的分辨率等）。

一些提高帧率的技巧包括禁用所有GUI窗口，包括菜单栏和屏幕底部的橙色fps计数器。您可以通过“调试”菜单，然后选择“循环屏幕统计信息”来在左上角显示备用fps计数器。确保按F10隐藏菜单栏以查看计数器。

第二个技巧是如果您不介意，禁用所有云层的渲染：使用"--prop:/sim/rendering/draw-mask/clouds=0"启动FlightGear。

如果您飞越某些景观时出现严重的减速，并且在终端或日志文件中看到FlightGear生成了许多“Warning:: Picked up error in TriangleIntersect”消息，您可以通过使用"--prop:/sim/rendering/osg-notify-level=fatal"启动FlightGear来禁用此功能。

问：为什么窗户开始起雾/结冰？

答：如果机舱内空气温度的露点高于风挡的表面温度，窗户将变得雾化或结冰。使用机舱加热（Cabin Heat）和机舱通风（Cabin Air）推杆（位于襟翼右侧）来控制它。机舱内的湿度和温度上升，露点也会上升，而且上升速度比风挡温度能够调整的速度要快，导致发生暂时的起雾现象。如果空气非常湿润，露点很可能非常接近机舱温度，这使得露点可能高于风挡温度。额外的乘客会在机舱内产生更多的湿空气。尝试通过使用机舱通风控制杆或机舱顶部气流口来增加气流，以减少湿度或温度。或者，通过转到“Cessna 172P”菜单，选择“飞机选项”，然后禁用“启用结霜和雾化”选项来禁用此效果。

问：如何增加机舱空气温度？

答：通过打开机舱加热控制杆来增加机舱空气温度。为了真正获得加热的气流，您需要中等或高的EGT（排气气温，可以从位于操纵杆和ADF仪器之间的仪表查看），以及足够的空速和/或足够的螺旋桨转速。

问：如何点击被操纵杆遮挡的开关？

答：您可以通过点击它来隐藏操纵杆，或者转到“Cessna 172P”菜单，选择“隐藏/显示操纵杆”。

问：为什么我的引擎似乎失去了动力？

答：假设您已经根据海拔和大气压正确调整了混合比，那么另一个可能性是发生了化油器积冰，导致动力丧失。开启化油器加热，冰应该会慢慢融化。注意，如果在应用化油器加热时引擎出现异响，说明正在冰正在被融解，这表明的确发生了化油器结冰。您可以调整混合比以减少在融化过程中的异响。

== 开发状态/问题/TODO ==

对于本机模的开发依然正在进行，您可以在[https://github.com/Juanvvc/c172p-detailed repository]进行查看，同时您还可以查看[https://github.com/Juanvvc/c172p-detailed/issues list of issues and future enhancements]。

== 画廊 ==

<gallery mode="packed">
File:C172p-plane5.jpg|巴西Chapada Diamantina上空的塞斯纳172P
File:C172p-plane4.jpg|塞斯纳12P从 Compiegne Margny (LFAD)起飞
File:C172p-cockpit2.jpg|即将降落。这张图片展示了全新的驾驶舱ALS阴影效果。
File:C172p-floats.jpg|旧金山上空的浮筒版本
File:C172p-plane3.jpg|Cessna 172P 在高空飞过意大利的 Lago di Garda
File:C172p-landing.jpg|在Aosta Airport(LIMW)的五边
File:C172p-cockpit3.jpg|新C172P的内饰，贴图均经过重新制作
File:C172p-night.jpg|一次夜间飞行，这张截图展示了仪表灯光
File:C172p-particles.jpg|水上起飞，这张图片展示了粒子效果
File:C172p-plane1.jpg|在巴西 Serra do Mar 上空
File:C172p-plane2.jpg|翱翔于夕阳之中
File:C172p-winter.jpg|欧罗巴冬日
File:C172p-damage.jpg|重着陆导致的起落架坍塌
File:C172p-frost.jpg|如果条件恰到好处，窗户上将出现薄霜或薄雾。
File:C172p-taubate.jpg|在巴西 Taubate 上空飞行
</gallery>

==外部链接 ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_172 Wikipedia article]
* [http://www.aerodynamicaviation.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/C172P-checklist.pdf Cessna 172 checklist at aerodynamicaviation.com]

{{Appendix}}

{{Cessna}}

[[Category:Aircraft with a cockpit-only autopilot]]

[[ar:Cessna 172P]]
[[ca:Cessna 172P]]
[[de:Cessna 172P]]
[[en:Cessna 172P]]
[[es:Cessna 172P]]
[[fr:Cessna 172P]]
[[nl:Cessna 172P]]
[[ru:Cessna 172P]]

Zh/Help:Translate

2024-07-28T02:07:28Z

Gzhang: /* 我们需要你！ */Fix the strange words in Chinese translation

{{hatnote|翻译模板，请参阅[[Help:Templates#Translating templates]]。}}

自2009年9月以来，维基的FlightGear支持多种语言。现在，每一篇文章都可以翻译成任何语言，增加对非母语英语使用者的用户友好性。

===我们需要你！===
现在，我们有2957篇文章，翻译所有的页面是一件很辛苦的工作。有几个用户已经开始翻译，但我们依然需要您的帮助！
这里的每个人都说不止一种语言，所以如果大部分的FG用户都是非英语母语者，我也不会感到惊讶。如果我们只是把一个
或两个页面翻译，每种语言有最重要的页面（例如如何飞行直升机，FlightGear，安装场景和FlightGear的新手）的翻译将不会花费太长时间。
查看最迫切的翻译请求。

===实例===
对于已经翻译过的文章，请看主页。

===我怎样开始翻译？===
首先，你需要找到一篇你想翻译的文章。然后，在浏览器的URL栏上英文文章标题前添加一个斜线（/）和你想要的语言的缩写，然后转到那个页面。因此，如果我想把terrasync翻译成荷兰语，我将参观NL / terrasync页。正如你所看到的，这个页面还不存在，所以我们确信至今没有人用荷兰语翻译它。

现在我们翻译实际的文章。您可以为它们wiki保留链接（指向英文文章），除非文章被翻译成您文章的语言。在这种情况下，你做的维基链接是这样的：<tt><nowiki>[[:nl:Hoofdpagina]]</nowiki></tt>。但最好使用<tt><nowiki>[[:nl:Hoofdpagina|Hoofdpagina]]</nowiki></tt>，因为这会摆脱语言的前缀。

在文章的最底层，你需要放置语言链接，这样菜单中就会有一个不错的选择列表。所有文章的翻译都应该列出来。所以在[[terrasync]]的英语文章添加：<tt><nowiki>[[nl:TerraSync]]</nowiki></tt>。在荷兰的文章中，我们添加 <tt><nowiki>[[en:TerraSync]]</nowiki></tt>。这篇文章原来的语言可以被忽略。请按字母顺序排列语言，这样就更容易添加/删除语言。

一旦你翻译了一篇文章，你需要在这篇文章的不同语言版本中添加一个语言链接。浏览英文文章，看看已翻译过的语言。

====具体操作过程====
# 查找您要翻译的网页的英文版本。
# 检查你是否同意英文页的内容，使用讨论页或编辑英文页，以便它是最新的（没有理由解释为什么翻译的页面不应该比英文版本更好，但是为了同步，英文版本最好是最新的）。
# 向左看，如果页面被翻译成其他语言，它将列出这些语言。
# 如果您的语言没有列出，您可以创建它，并开始翻译。（如果您的语言已列出，请检查并更新它）
# 从[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/MW/browse/master/languages/data/Names.php 这个列表]中找出语言的扩展名。
# 编辑页面上的英文版本。
# 添加<tt><nowiki>[[LE:Page title]]</nowiki></tt>到页面的底部，LE是语言扩展名，Page title是您语言中正确的标题。
# 保存英语页面并检查它是否列出了你的语言。
# 单击你的语言的链接，编辑页面。
# 在页面的顶部添加<tt><nowiki>{{BeingTranslated}}~~~~</nowiki></tt>
# 在页面底部输入<tt><nowiki>[[en:Page title]]</nowiki></tt>，其中<tt>Page title</tt>是原始英文页面的标题。
# 如果英文页面已被翻译成其他语言，请将这些语言从英文页复制并粘贴到页面底部。
# 保存您的页面并检查语言链接是否工作。
# 您可以在这里声明您的翻译：[[Translation requests]]。
# 开始翻译，把你的成果放到新的页面中。
# 在其他翻译页面的底部放置链接(<tt><nowiki>[[LE:Page Title]]</nowiki></tt>)到你的翻译。
# 当你看到有趣的更新时，跟随/观看英语页面并更新你的页面。

===哪些文章不应该翻译？===
'''不要'''开始翻译被认为是'''[[:Category:afd|需要删除]]'''或'''[[:Category:Articles to be merged|需要合并]]'''的文章。首先，应该改进这些文章的英语版本。

'''非常感谢你的翻译或者你对维基的任何贡献！你的辛勤工作将得到所有FG用户的赞赏！'''

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