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{{WIP}}
{{Nasal Navigation|nocat=1}}
{{Nasal Navigation}}
This page contains documentation for the '''<code>io</code> namespace''' in [[Nasal]]. This namespace provides APIs for input/output (IO) operations on files. The <code>io</code> namespace is sourced from {{fgdata file|Nasal/io.nas}} and {{simgear file|simgear/nasal/iolib.c}}.
This page contains documentation for the '''<code>io</code> namespace''' in [[Nasal]]. This namespace provides APIs for input/output (IO) operations on files. The <code>io</code> namespace is sourced from {{fgdata file|Nasal/io.nas}} and {{simgear file|simgear/nasal/iolib.c}}.


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|text = Flushes and closes the specified file. Returns <code>'''nil'''</code>.
|text = Flushes and closes the specified file. Returns <code>'''nil'''</code>.
|param1 = file
|param1 = file
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()}}.
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()|page=this}}.
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-root") ~ '/keyboard.xml';
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-root") ~ '/keyboard.xml';
var file = io.open(path);
var file = io.open(path);
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{{Nasal doc
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.flush(file);
|syntax = io.flush(file);
|text = Flushes the file's buffer. This means that the contents of the buffer (a kind of temporary storage) are written to the actual file on the hard disk. Note that the buffer is also flushed when {{func link|close()}} is called.
|text = Flushes the file's buffer. This means that the contents of the buffer (a kind of temporary storage) are written to the actual file on the hard disk. Note that the buffer is also flushed when {{func link|close()|page=this}} is called.
|param1 = file
|param1 = file
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()}}.
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()|page=this}}.
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/Export/demo.txt';
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/Export/demo.txt';
var file = io.open(path, "w"); # create and open file
var file = io.open(path, "w"); # create and open file
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{{!-}}
{{!-}}
{{!}} <code>a+</code>
{{!}} <code>a+</code>
{{!}} Opens a file for input and output operations. Output operations will append data to the end of the file. Input operations are affected by {{func link|seek()}}, but output operations will move the position back to the end of the file. The file is created if it does not exist.
{{!}} Opens a file for input and output operations. Output operations will append data to the end of the file. Input operations are affected by {{func link|seek()|page=this}}, but output operations will move the position back to the end of the file. The file is created if it does not exist.
{{!-}}
{{!-}}
{{!}} <code>rb</code>
{{!}} <code>rb</code>
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{{!-}}
{{!-}}
{{!}} <code>a+b</code> ''or'' <code>ab+</code>
{{!}} <code>a+b</code> ''or'' <code>ab+</code>
{{!}} Opens a file for input and output operations, treating it as a binary file. Output operations will append data to the end of the file. Input operations are affected by {{func link|seek()}}, but output operations will move the position back to the end of the file. The file is created if it does not exist.
{{!}} Opens a file for input and output operations, treating it as a binary file. Output operations will append data to the end of the file. Input operations are affected by {{func link|seek()|page=this}}, but output operations will move the position back to the end of the file. The file is created if it does not exist.
{{!}}}
{{!}}}
|param1 = path
|param1 = path
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{{Nasal doc
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.read(file, buf, len);
|syntax = io.read(file, buf, len);
|text = Reads a given number of bytes from the given file and places those bytes into the given buffer. The bytes will be read from the position of the position indicator (this can be changed using {{func link|seek}}). Failures are thrown as runtime errors. Returns the number of bytes successfully read.
|text = Reads a given number of bytes from the given file and places those bytes into the given buffer. The bytes will be read from the position of the position indicator (this can be changed using {{func link|seek()|page=this}}). Failures are thrown as runtime errors. Returns the number of bytes successfully read.
|param1 = file
|param1 = file
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open}}.
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()|page=this}}.
|param2 = buf
|param2 = buf
|param2text = Buffer to read bytes into. A new buffer can be created using <code>bits.buf(size)</code>. Must not be smaller than '''len'''.  
|param2text = Buffer to read bytes into. A new buffer can be created using <code>bits.buf(size)</code>. Must not be smaller than '''len'''.  
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{{Nasal doc
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.read_airport_properties(icao, fname[, target]);
|syntax = io.read_airport_properties(icao, fname[, target]);
|version = 2.4
|commit = {{fgdata commit|d4fb11|t=commit}}
|text = Loads an airport-related XML file. Paths will be concatenated in the following form: <tt>''[[$FG_SCENERY]]/Airports/'''''i'''''/'''''c'''''/'''''a'''''/'''''icao'''''.'''''fname'''''.xml''</tt>. Returns the data as a <code>props.Node</code> object or <code>'''nil'''</code> on error. Note that the file ''must'' be in the [[PropertyList XML files|PropertyList]] format, or else the function will fail.
|text = Loads an airport-related XML file. Paths will be concatenated in the following form: <tt>''[[$FG_SCENERY]]/Airports/'''''i'''''/'''''c'''''/'''''a'''''/'''''icao'''''.'''''fname'''''.xml''</tt>. Returns the data as a <code>props.Node</code> object or <code>'''nil'''</code> on error. Note that the file ''must'' be in the [[PropertyList XML files|PropertyList]] format, or else the function will fail.
|param1 = icao
|param1 = icao
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=== readln() ===
=== readln() ===
{{Nasal doc
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.readfile(file);
|syntax = io.readln(file);
|text = Reads and returns a single line from the file, advancing the position indicator. Accepts different {{wikipedia|newline}} types, including {{abbr|LF|line feed}}, {{abbr|CR|carriage return}}, and CR+LF. Does not include the EOL character(s) in the returned string. End of file or an error is signaled by returning <code>'''nil'''</code>.
|text = Reads and returns a single line from the file, advancing the position indicator. Accepts different {{wikipedia|newline}} types, including {{abbr|LF|line feed}}, {{abbr|CR|carriage return}}, and CR+LF. Does not include the EOL character(s) in the returned string. End of file or an error is signaled by returning <code>'''nil'''</code>.
|param1 = file
|param1 = file
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open}}.
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()|page=this}}.
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-root") ~ '/Nasal/bits.nas';
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-root") ~ '/Nasal/bits.nas';
var file = io.open(path);
var file = io.open(path);
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|text = Moves the pointer position to a specified place.
|text = Moves the pointer position to a specified place.
|param1 = file
|param1 = file
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()}}.
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()|page=this}}.
|param2 = position
|param2 = position
|param2text = Number of bytes offset from '''whence''' as an integer. If '''whence''' is {{func link|SEEK_SET}}, this cannot be negative.
|param2text = Number of bytes offset from '''whence''' as an integer. If '''whence''' is {{func link|SEEK_SET|page=this}}, this cannot be negative.
|param3 = whence
|param3 = whence
|param3text = Specifies position to set the offset from. Must be one of {{func link|SEEK_SET}} (beginning of file), {{func link|SEEK_END}} (end of file), or {{func link|SEEK_CUR}} (current pointer position).
|param3text = Specifies position to set the offset from. Must be one of {{func link|SEEK_SET|page=this}} (beginning of file), {{func link|SEEK_END|page=this}} (end of file), or {{func link|SEEK_CUR|page=this}} (current pointer position).
|example1 =  
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-root") ~ '/Nasal/geo.nas';
var file = io.open(path, "r"); # open file
var len = 15;
var buf = bits.buf(len);
io.seek(file, 122, io.SEEK_SET); # set to the desired position
io.read(file, buf, len); # read file
print(buf); # prints "geo.Coord class"
io.close(file); # close file
}}
}}


=== stat(filename) ===
=== stat() ===
Calls unix or win32 stat() on the specified file name and returns a seven element array whose contents are, in order: dev, ino, mode, nlink, uid, gid, rdef, size, atime, mtime, ctime. Errors are signaled as exceptions as per die().
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.stat(path);
|text = Calls {{wikipedia|stat (system call)|stat}} and returns a vector containing 12 pieces of data. See the table below for a list of them in order from first in the vector to last. Returns <code>'''nil'''</code> if the file does not exist.
{{{!}} class="wikitable"
! Data !! Meaning
{{!-}}
{{!}} dev {{!!}} Identifier of device containing file
{{!-}}
{{!}} ino {{!!}} Inode number
{{!-}}
{{!}} mode {{!!}} Protection mode
{{!-}}
{{!}} nlink {{!!}} Reference count of hard links
{{!-}}
{{!}} uid {{!!}} User identifier of owner
{{!-}}
{{!}} gid {{!!}} Group identifier of owner
{{!-}}
{{!}} rdev {{!!}} Device identifier (if special file)
{{!-}}
{{!}} size {{!!}} Total file size, in bytes
{{!-}}
{{!}} atime {{!!}} Time of last access as a Unix timestamp
{{!-}}
{{!}} mtime {{!!}} Time of last modification as a Unix timestamp
{{!-}}
{{!}} ctime {{!!}} Time of last status change as a Unix timestamp
{{!-}}
{{!}} type {{!!}} Type of file. May be one of "unk", "reg", "dir", "chr", "blk", "fifo", "lnk", or "sock".<br>See {{simgear file|simgear/nasal/iolib.c|l=214}}.
{{!}}}
|param1 = path
|param1text = Path to the file as a string.
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-root") ~ '/Nasal/geo.nas';
var stat = io.stat(path);
printf("File size: %s bytes", stat[7]); # prints file size
}}


=== tell(filehandle) ===
=== tell() ===
Returns the current seek position of the filehandle.
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.tell(file);
|text = Returns the current pointer position of the file.
|param1 = file
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()|page=this}}.
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-root") ~ '/Nasal/geo.nas';
var file = io.open(path);
io.seek(file, 2, io.SEEK_SET);
print(io.tell(file)); # prints "2"
io.close(file);
}}


=== write(filehandle, str) ===
=== write() ===
Attempts to write the entirety of the specified string to the filehandle. Failures are thrown as runtime errors as per die(). Returns the number of bytes successfully written.
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.write(file, string);
|text = Writes a string to a given file and returns the number of bytes successfully written.
|param1 = file
|param1text = File object as returned by {{func link|open()|page=this}}.
|param2 = string
|param2text = String to write to the file.
{{tip|It is good practice to make sure that all lines, including the last one, end in a newline (<code>\n</code>). This will especially help if you will be calling {{func link|readln()|page=this}} on the file later.}}
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/Export/demo.txt';
var file = io.open(path, "wb"); # open in write mode
var str = 'Hello World!' ~ "\n";
io.write(file, str); # write the data
io.close(file); # close (and flush) the file stream
}}


=== write_properties() ===
=== write_properties() ===
Write XML file in FlightGear's native <PropertyList> format.  
{{Nasal doc
Returns the filename on success or nil on error. If the source is a props.Node that refers to a node in the main tree,  
|syntax = io.write_properties(path, prop);
then the data are directly written from the tree, yielding a more accurate result.
|text = Writes nodes from the [[Property Tree]] to an XML file in FlightGear's [[PropertyList XML files|PropertyList]] format. If the file does not exist, it will be created. If it does, all contents will be overwritten. Returns the filename on success or <code>'''nil'''</code> on error.
Otherwise the data need to be copied first, which may slightly change node types (FLOAT becomes DOUBLE etc.)
|param1 = path
<syntaxhighlight lang="nasal">
|param1text = Path of the file to write to as a string. If it does not have a <tt>.xml</tt> extension, <tt>.xml</tt> will be added to it.
Usage:  io.write_properties(<filename>, <props.Node or property-path>);
|param2 = prop
</syntaxhighlight>
|param2text = Either a property path or a <code>props.Node</code> object. Note that, when the latter is used, results will be more accurate if it refers to a node in the Property Tree, otherwise the node will have to be copied, which may change the node type.
Examples:
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/Export/demo.xml';
<syntaxhighlight lang="nasal">
var prop = "/position";
var data = props.Node.new({ a:1, b:2, c:{ d:3, e:4 } });  
print(io.write_properties(path, prop));
io.write_properties("/tmp/foo.xml", data);              
|example2 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/Export/demo.xml';
io.write_properties("/tmp/foo.xml", "/sim/model");      
var prop = props.globals.getNode("position");
</syntaxhighlight>
print(io.write_properties(path, prop));
|example3 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/Export/demo.xml';
var tree = {
    "a": 12.34,
    "b": "Hello, World!",
    "c": {
        "d": [1, 2, 3]
    }
};
var prop = props.Node.new(tree);
print(io.write_properties(path, prop));
}}


=== writexml() ===
=== writexml() ===
Writes a property tree as returned by readxml() to a file. Children 
{{Nasal doc
with name starting with <prefix> are again turned into attributes of 
|syntax = io.basename(path, node[, indent[, prefix]]);
their parent. <node> must contain exactly one child, which will      
|text = Writes a node structure to an XML file.
become the XML file's outermost element.                            
|param1 = path
<syntaxhighlight lang="nasal">
|param1text = Path of the file to write to as a string. If it does not have a <tt>.xml</tt> extension, <tt>.xml</tt> will be added to it.
Usage: io.writexml(path, node[,indent = "\t"][, prefix = "___"]);
|param2 = node
</syntaxhighlight>
|param2text = <code>props.Node</code> object containing the data to write to the file. Attributes should be included as child nodes with a certain '''prefix'''. See also {{func link|readxml()|page=this}}. It must also have just one root node.
<syntaxhighlight lang="nasal">
|param3 = indent
io.writexml(path, node, indent,prefix);
|param3text = Optional string specifying what characters should be used to indent lines. Defaults to one horizontal tab character (<tt>\t</tt>).
</syntaxhighlight>
|param4 = prefix
|param4text = Optional string specifying what prefixes attributes will have.
|example1 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/Export/demo.xml';
var tree = {
    "source": {
        ___type: "book", # will become an attribute
        "title": "The Grand Book of Code",
        "author-last": "Echter",
        "author-first": "William C.",
        "year": "2011",
        "publisher": "Pen Publishers",
        "city": "Manchester"
    }
};
var node = props.Node.new(tree);
io.writexml(path, node);
|example2 = var path = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/Export/demo.xml';
var tree = {
    "source": {
        _attr_type: "book",
        "title": "The Grand Book of Code",
        "author-last": "Echter",
        "author-first": "William C.",
        "year": "2011",
        "publisher": "Pen Publishers",
        "city": "Manchester"
    }
};
var node = props.Node.new(tree);
io.writexml(path, node, "  ", "_attr_"); # indent using two spaces
}}


== Variables ==
== Variables ==
=== SEEK_CUR ===
=== SEEK_CUR ===
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.SEEK_CUR;
|text = Used with {{func link|seek()|page=this}}. Means the offset will be counted from the current pointer postion.
}}
=== SEEK_END ===
=== SEEK_END ===
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.SEEK_END;
|text = Used with {{func link|seek()|page=this}}. Means the offset will be counted from the end of the file.
}}
=== SEEK_SET ===
=== SEEK_SET ===
{{Nasal doc
|syntax = io.SEEK_SET;
|text = Used with {{func link|seek()|page=this}}. Means the offset will be counted from the beginning of the file.
}}


[[Category:Nasal]]
{{Nasal namespaces}}

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