Howto:Make nice screenshots: Difference between revisions

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(→‎Panoramas with Hugin: Link another example panorama, cleanup.)
(Add tips on weather, liveries, time etc.)
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This means you need a decent computer with middle - good specs. At a minimum, you should able to run Flightgear with smooth frame rate with high anti-aliasing settings.  
This means you need a decent computer with middle - good specs. At a minimum, you should able to run Flightgear with smooth frame rate with high anti-aliasing settings.  
Some people don't have this, so there is another solution proposed by Melchior Franz : [http://www.opensubscriber.com/message/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/8196594.html].
Some people don't have this, so there is another solution proposed by Melchior Franz : [http://www.opensubscriber.com/message/flightgear-devel@lists.sourceforge.net/8196594.html].
If the intention is to make a screenshot to showcase Flightgear, it's always possible to pause the sim and turn graphics settings up, and then turn settings down to resume flying.


== How to get some unusual/ interesting views ==
== How to get some unusual/ interesting views ==
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Now use your favourite panorama software and stitch it!
Now use your favourite panorama software and stitch it!
No software yet? Use Google; there are several freeware programs outside. A common choice is [http://hugin.sourceforge.net/ Hugin]; it's free and open source, cross-platform and used by many professional photographers.
No software yet? Use Google; there are several freeware programs outside. A common choice is [http://hugin.sourceforge.net/ Hugin]; it's free and open source, cross-platform and used by many professional photographers.
 
<br clear=all>
==== Panoramas with Hugin ====
==== Panoramas with Hugin ====
There is a (WiP) nasal script in [https://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?t=36297 this forum thread] that takes a user configurable grid of overlapping screenshots. The script is based on the spherical panorama script. To take a line of screenshots means setting grid size to 1 by n.  
There is a (WiP) nasal script in [https://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?t=36297 this forum thread] that takes a user configurable grid of overlapping screenshots. The script is based on the spherical panorama script. To take a line of screenshots means setting grid size to 1 by n.  
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This applies to FlightGear as well. So play a bit with the time of day, especially Dawn/Morning/Afternoon and Dusk. Play with the seasons and locations as well. In the winter near the poles, the sun is low, while near the equator the sun is standing high in the sky. As an example, this gives nice effects with the water shaders.
This applies to FlightGear as well. So play a bit with the time of day, especially Dawn/Morning/Afternoon and Dusk. Play with the seasons and locations as well. In the winter near the poles, the sun is low, while near the equator the sun is standing high in the sky. As an example, this gives nice effects with the water shaders.
 
<br clear=all>
== Weather ==
== Weather ==
Our weather has improved much with the addition of [[advanced weather]]. To enable it, you must open the Environment > Weather dialog, then check "Advanced Weather" and click "OK". With advanced weather enabled, clouds are placed while taking the terrain and wind patterns into account, making for much more realistic cloud and weather patterns. Advanced weather works best with [[atmospheric light scattering]] enabled as well.
Our weather has improved much with the addition of [[advanced weather]]. To enable it, you must open the Environment > Weather dialog, then check "Advanced Weather" and click "OK". With advanced weather enabled, clouds are placed while taking the terrain and wind patterns into account, making for much more realistic cloud and weather patterns. Advanced weather works best with [[atmospheric light scattering]] enabled as well.
{| class="floatright"
|-
| [[File:Gazelle_over_Blue_Mountains_near_Katoomba_in_Australia_with_signature_blue_haze_(FlightGear_2020.x).jpg|thumb|150px|Blue smog in Australian Blue Mountains]]
|| [[File:SOTM_2018-03_Gazelle_at_Sunset._Near_Mt._St._Helens_by_StuartC.jpg|thumb|150px|Ground haze]]
|}
Environment > Weather > Detailed weather > Advanced options dialogue has a lot of options that affect weather. The cloud shadows options is there. The ground haze and haze structure simulates moisture. The smog slider should also be used for the organic smog of forests in areas such as the Blue Mountains of Australia, Blue Ridge mountains of USA, and some forests in coutnries like France or Italy. Turning up convective conditions and turbulence will affect cloud shape as thermals get stronger and narrower.
The advanced weather simulation is very sophisticated. There are many properties of atmosphere state that are currently not exposed by the GUI, or are not practical to expose. These properties are randomised each time AW is initialised. Live METAR reports are a vague, limited, rounded off, variable quality, hint at atmospheric state very close to an airfield given at varying intervals intended for airfield operation. When using METARs to drive weather there are a lot of properties that unavoidably need to by randomly guessed by Advanced Weather. Pressing "Apply" in the Weather dialogue for a given weather condition or a METAR will create a new random set of properties.


== Locations ==
== Locations ==
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As an example for showing an aircraft just for presentation, use an "empty" background like the sky, sea or desert. If you want to show the aircraft during operation you could choose some of FlightGear's better airports like [[EHAM]], [[LFPG]] as the background, or some of the more detailed custom sceneries.
As an example for showing an aircraft just for presentation, use an "empty" background like the sky, sea or desert. If you want to show the aircraft during operation you could choose some of FlightGear's better airports like [[EHAM]], [[LFPG]] as the background, or some of the more detailed custom sceneries.


== Picking the right Livery ==
{| class="floatright"
|-
| [[File:C172p-preview5.jpg|150px]] || [[File:C172p-preview4.jpg|150px]]
|}
The right colour scheme for the scene can make a huge difference. Liveries in FlightGear can often be changed mid flight. These two shots of the c172p show the difference it makes. If the liveries were swapped in the two screenshots, the result would be less pleasing to the eye.
<br clear=all>
== Hoping to stumble upon the right shot versus changing what you can control to increase your chances of finding a good shot ==
FlightGear can create an almost infinite variety of environment, weather and lighting conditions. No two exactly alike. Much like nature. The need to randomise many Advanced Weather properties because METARs are only inconsistent hints, as well as the need to randomise properties which aren't exposed to the GUI or can't be exposed, means no two initialisations of the advanced weather engine will be the same. So if you visit the same spot twice, at the same sim time, and with the same METAR, a lot of the atmospheric properties will be randomly different. Similarly with the same weather scenarios.
Unlike taking photos with a physical camera, you don't have to hope you are in the right spot, looking in the right direction, with the right weather and lighting exactly right for that direction. The time, environment settings, weather, and lighting can all be controlled. The landscape is harder to control as relocating or approaching from another direction does take time.
If you are flying and find a particularly striking location or view suitable for a particularly good spot, it's always possible to imagine if it would be better with different approach direction, environment settings, weather and lighting. Experimenting with different settings can help. The previous weather can be restored when you resume your flight. The flight recorder lets you look through the historical flight path and change weather (some craft support this better than others).
The sim can be paused at any time. This lets you to easily switch view, tweak Field of View, change environment settings etc. There are two different clocks, the environmental clock and the clock used by carft systems and physics. Weather are also part of physics. The sim must be unpaused for Advanced Weather to be re-initialised with new random properties and populate clouds. The sim must also be briefly unpaused to let change of time affect the scene lighting. Slowing physics time down can help you change weather without your craft going past the landscape. In fact if you slow down physics time, you can 'catch' lighting by pausing, and then take a screenshot.
[[File:Lightning_strike_showing_illumination_of_nearby_clouds_(Flightgear_2019.x)_01.jpg|thumb|150px|'Catching' lightning by slowing physics time then pausing]]
Lighting in the atmosphere is all about angles. Time, sun position, moon phase, view direction relative to the sun. You can use this knowledge to make it more likely you see what you are looking for. For instance rainbows are light scattered back by a rain volume. Rainbows form a circle around the point opposite the sun (called the anti-solar point). Using this, you can increases the odds of a good rainbow screenshot by flying when the sun is low, and approaching interesting scenery in a direction that places the scenery between the point opposite the sun and your camera. Of course, the point opposite the sun has to be in a rain volume too. Flying when the sun is low is simply a good way to spot rainbows. If you found an interesting scene you want to showcase like an airport, you can always try to put the sun in a good spot by changing time of day/year and re-initialise weather until you get a rain volume where you want!
<br clear=all>
== Colors and whitebalance ==
== Colors and whitebalance ==
As in real life, in FGFS the pictures often have to be corrected in colors and white balance. This can be done with almost any image editor. In [http://www.gimp.org GIMP] this can be done through <tt>Layers > Colors > Brightness and contrast</tt>.
As in real life, in FGFS the pictures often have to be corrected in colors and white balance. This can be done with almost any image editor. In [http://www.gimp.org GIMP] this can be done through <tt>Layers > Colors > Brightness and contrast</tt>.

Revision as of 11:45, 4 March 2020

Mergefrom.gif
It has been suggested that Submitting Screenshots be merged into this article or section. Discuss this merge. This has been proposed since January 2014.

This howto will explain how to make nice screenshots in FlightGear.

Basics

What separates good pictures from bad pictures?

Good pictures

  • Appeal to us in some way, by telling a story, revealing something unexpected, or showing an interesting point of view.
  • Encourage us to look at them for more than just a second, searching for more details. A good screen-shot can invite us to think about how it was made, maybe even inspire us to create images of our own.

The best screenshots are technically correct, the lighting and colors are right, and the composition is good.

Explaining how to compose a picture is difficult, so instead I suggest you to read tutorials and explanations given on many websites on the web like this one: Composition (visual arts) This is a link to a Wikipedia article.

Quality

From a broader perspective, it would be desirable if new screenshots could also showcase new FlightGear's capabilities using high quality settings. Say someone googles "VFR guide" because he wants to know something about VFR flying and comes across a bunch of screenshots of FlightGear - we'd really want to impress here so that user gets curious and tries FlightGear. Back when there were still manuals, all most simulators (Falcon 4.0 for instance) had the highest detail level for all the internal screenshots, not the lowest. So that's something to keep in mind when showcasing FlightGear.

A good virtual picture needs a good quality. That means:

  • Enabling AntiAliasing (AA)
  • Appealing/true colors
  • Size of the picture- not too small, not to big
  • No Gui/Menu/FPS counter etc. visible
  • Full effects

This means you need a decent computer with middle - good specs. At a minimum, you should able to run Flightgear with smooth frame rate with high anti-aliasing settings. Some people don't have this, so there is another solution proposed by Melchior Franz : [1].

If the intention is to make a screenshot to showcase Flightgear, it's always possible to pause the sim and turn graphics settings up, and then turn settings down to resume flying.

How to get some unusual/ interesting views

To get some ideas, it's a good idea to look for aircraft picture pages around the web like Airliners.net. It will give you some ideas, and in addition, it is always a good idea to think about what you actually want to show case. While a snapshot of an airliner in mid flight is -for instance- a nice way of showing its latest features on the forum, it typically doesn't really last as an overall impressive screen shot. Placing the aircraft in a scene where some implied action is taking place will most of the time already make a huge difference. Capture the plane while it's banking, gear is retracting, etc. will imply some dynamic motion in your otherwise static image. In this respect, it may help to think of a little story, a scenario that you're re-enacting. Trying to capture a few key scenes from a flight may also help to make the difference between an average and an interesting screen shot.

Air to Air

  • Helicopter View: This assumes that you are in a virtual, invisible helicopter besides the aircraft. You are always flying level. With the mouse you can choose the position of the "helicopter".
  • Chase View: This assumes you are chasing the aircraft. It is very similar to the first one.
  • Chase View with yaw: Also chasing the aircraft, but the virtual camera doesn't turn with the aircraft.
  • I'm a missile view (on certain aircraft only): This view places itself near an AI air-to-air missile that has been fired, looking forwards. With the mouse you can choose the view direction. Only on the Mirage-2000-5 and Harrier development versions.

Try switching between them to see what you like more(I prefer Chase view). Playing around with position of the camera will help too. As an example if the aircraft is turning and banking, make a shot from the wing to the aircraft facing the ground. Or while approaching the runway, a shot from behind the aircraft would be good. For I'm a missile view, moving the camera forward and looking back at the missile and the aircraft can make compelling shots.

Ground to Air

Setting the Tower on top of a mountain looking down to the airport with the Place_Tower.xml

For this we use the Tower view and Tower View look from. This assumes that the virtual camera is on the Airport Tower, ca. 30ft above the airport level. You can choose via the Menu which airport is used. That's nice, but limited.

Anders Gidenstam made a nice nasal script to move the tower whenever you control-click on the ground. You can find it here. Copy the code between the <PropertyList>-tags and put in somewhere in your preferences.xml . Now, when you Ctrl + left click somewhere on the ground, you can set the position of the tower view. The view is still about 30 feet above ground level; assuming you want to stand at eye-level, you can change the line

setprop(tower ~ "/altitude-ft", 30 + (click_pos.alt() * M2FT));

to

setprop(tower ~ "/altitude-ft", 6.5 + (click_pos.alt() * M2FT));

Panorama

Panorama image stitched with 23 images inside the C172P cockpit while flying above Lake Constance (Bodensee)

A Panorama This is a link to a Wikipedia article is a wide-angle view. With this, you can show large areas of the scenery or flightdecks.

For this, use the cockpit, passenger, or tower view, then position the virtual camera at the point you want. Pause the sim and pan the virtual camera all the way around, saving many screenshots so they cover the entire visible area. Now use your favourite panorama software and stitch it! No software yet? Use Google; there are several freeware programs outside. A common choice is Hugin; it's free and open source, cross-platform and used by many professional photographers.

Panoramas with Hugin

There is a (WiP) nasal script in this forum thread that takes a user configurable grid of overlapping screenshots. The script is based on the spherical panorama script. To take a line of screenshots means setting grid size to 1 by n.

A lot of lower FoV and closely overlapping screenshots can eliminate perspective distortion. FG is paused preventing cloud, tree and sun movement. The combination allows creating higher quality panoramas which aren't often practical with a physical camera.

Cylindrical and similar panoramas don't need a special viewer, unlike spherical panoramas. Hugin is pretty much automated and following a simple series of clicks will produce good results. The forum thread has details on using Hugin.

Example panorama with wide view. This is made with the WiP script at Hugin at Innsbruck Airport (LOWI) from a line of just 10 screenshots. A lower FoV and more screenshots will reduce distortion. Click image to view full size. Another example panorama with smaller view made from 3 screenshots is here.

Spherical panoramas

If you want to make full spherical panorama take a look at this tutorial.

Field of View (FoV)

The difference of wide/narrow angle. See how the background changes using a zoom.

You can change this by pressing Shift+X or X or using the Mouse-wheel in View-mode. The field of view is by default set to 55 (degrees).

Increasing the field you get wide angle up to 120 degrees. That's interesting as it covers a whole part of the scenery but also seems to make objects appear far away. Use it for showing large parts of sceneries, or long aircraft, etc. Another interesting feature of using a wide angle is that it exaggerates perspective. One effective use of this consists of using a wide angle lens combined with placing the camera near the object. This will make the object in question appear larger, more impressive than it really is. For an higher, wider angle make a panorama.

Decreasing the field you get a narrow angle and a zoom-effect. This means you can take far away objects virtually close to you. An interesting effect is, that it also makes the background more "dense". Another interesting side effect is distance foreshortening, meaning that the distance between various object is becoming compressed, suggesting less space between objects than there really is.

Lighting and Daytime

Showing the effect of the low sun and the water shaders

The most appealing photos in real life are made in the morning or evening. The light has a warm color and the shadows and ambient colors are soft and long which gives fantastic impressions. The noon gives hard shadows and strong contrasts, which are hard to deal with.

This applies to FlightGear as well. So play a bit with the time of day, especially Dawn/Morning/Afternoon and Dusk. Play with the seasons and locations as well. In the winter near the poles, the sun is low, while near the equator the sun is standing high in the sky. As an example, this gives nice effects with the water shaders.

Weather

Our weather has improved much with the addition of advanced weather. To enable it, you must open the Environment > Weather dialog, then check "Advanced Weather" and click "OK". With advanced weather enabled, clouds are placed while taking the terrain and wind patterns into account, making for much more realistic cloud and weather patterns. Advanced weather works best with atmospheric light scattering enabled as well.

Blue smog in Australian Blue Mountains
Ground haze

Environment > Weather > Detailed weather > Advanced options dialogue has a lot of options that affect weather. The cloud shadows options is there. The ground haze and haze structure simulates moisture. The smog slider should also be used for the organic smog of forests in areas such as the Blue Mountains of Australia, Blue Ridge mountains of USA, and some forests in coutnries like France or Italy. Turning up convective conditions and turbulence will affect cloud shape as thermals get stronger and narrower.

The advanced weather simulation is very sophisticated. There are many properties of atmosphere state that are currently not exposed by the GUI, or are not practical to expose. These properties are randomised each time AW is initialised. Live METAR reports are a vague, limited, rounded off, variable quality, hint at atmospheric state very close to an airfield given at varying intervals intended for airfield operation. When using METARs to drive weather there are a lot of properties that unavoidably need to by randomly guessed by Advanced Weather. Pressing "Apply" in the Weather dialogue for a given weather condition or a METAR will create a new random set of properties.

Locations

The choice of the location depends a bit what you want to show. So what want you to show? Do you have already a theme in mind?

As an example for showing an aircraft just for presentation, use an "empty" background like the sky, sea or desert. If you want to show the aircraft during operation you could choose some of FlightGear's better airports like EHAM, LFPG as the background, or some of the more detailed custom sceneries.

Picking the right Livery

C172p-preview5.jpg C172p-preview4.jpg

The right colour scheme for the scene can make a huge difference. Liveries in FlightGear can often be changed mid flight. These two shots of the c172p show the difference it makes. If the liveries were swapped in the two screenshots, the result would be less pleasing to the eye.

Hoping to stumble upon the right shot versus changing what you can control to increase your chances of finding a good shot

FlightGear can create an almost infinite variety of environment, weather and lighting conditions. No two exactly alike. Much like nature. The need to randomise many Advanced Weather properties because METARs are only inconsistent hints, as well as the need to randomise properties which aren't exposed to the GUI or can't be exposed, means no two initialisations of the advanced weather engine will be the same. So if you visit the same spot twice, at the same sim time, and with the same METAR, a lot of the atmospheric properties will be randomly different. Similarly with the same weather scenarios.

Unlike taking photos with a physical camera, you don't have to hope you are in the right spot, looking in the right direction, with the right weather and lighting exactly right for that direction. The time, environment settings, weather, and lighting can all be controlled. The landscape is harder to control as relocating or approaching from another direction does take time.

If you are flying and find a particularly striking location or view suitable for a particularly good spot, it's always possible to imagine if it would be better with different approach direction, environment settings, weather and lighting. Experimenting with different settings can help. The previous weather can be restored when you resume your flight. The flight recorder lets you look through the historical flight path and change weather (some craft support this better than others).

The sim can be paused at any time. This lets you to easily switch view, tweak Field of View, change environment settings etc. There are two different clocks, the environmental clock and the clock used by carft systems and physics. Weather are also part of physics. The sim must be unpaused for Advanced Weather to be re-initialised with new random properties and populate clouds. The sim must also be briefly unpaused to let change of time affect the scene lighting. Slowing physics time down can help you change weather without your craft going past the landscape. In fact if you slow down physics time, you can 'catch' lighting by pausing, and then take a screenshot.

'Catching' lightning by slowing physics time then pausing

Lighting in the atmosphere is all about angles. Time, sun position, moon phase, view direction relative to the sun. You can use this knowledge to make it more likely you see what you are looking for. For instance rainbows are light scattered back by a rain volume. Rainbows form a circle around the point opposite the sun (called the anti-solar point). Using this, you can increases the odds of a good rainbow screenshot by flying when the sun is low, and approaching interesting scenery in a direction that places the scenery between the point opposite the sun and your camera. Of course, the point opposite the sun has to be in a rain volume too. Flying when the sun is low is simply a good way to spot rainbows. If you found an interesting scene you want to showcase like an airport, you can always try to put the sun in a good spot by changing time of day/year and re-initialise weather until you get a rain volume where you want!

Colors and whitebalance

As in real life, in FGFS the pictures often have to be corrected in colors and white balance. This can be done with almost any image editor. In GIMP this can be done through Layers > Colors > Brightness and contrast.

Conclusion

When keeping this all in mind, you can make some stunning pictures. Try and play with as much you can, look at real images to get hints or try to copy a real life image in FlightGear. All this will help you to take good pictures!

User experiences

Space Shuttle launch

Thorsten Renk

Cquote1.png One of my favourite Shuttle shots: I took about an hour. I set up a good thirty different cloud configurations on the pad and then used the view offsets to anticipate how they'd look when I punch through the cloud deck. When I had one I liked, I played with time and environment settings to adjust the light. Then I launched and paused FG going through the cloud deck and used the view offsets for five minutes to find the one angle which I really liked. Then I repeated the whole exercise two more times and took the best shot out of those.
— Thorsten Renk (Jan 26th, 2016). [FlightGear Forum] Re: FG Promotional Video.
(powered by Instant-Cquotes)
Cquote2.png

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